I mentioned before that it made me feel good that David Lyon proved that some of the things that I had written about were totally wrong, and so it’s good to question whoever you work with – to see if you can advance the field by finding out another interpretation of the kind of data collected. So this did away with the Woolsey maps, and this replaced Woolsey maps, so in some sense he was wrong, but I wouldn’t say he was really wrong.

And then, the other thing that hung around for a long time was evidence from Mountcastle, and this is the illustration he uses every time he writes about columns, and he has written a lot about columns.

And basically, the argument was, that when you record from cortex – this is area 3b, area 1, area 2 – often you get a long series where you’re recording from neurons and they all respond to what he called deep stimulation, then they would switch to skin stimulation, and back to deep and so on. And this was the evidence he gave to say that cortex has a columnar organization, not a vertical organization, where we talk about where neurons are the same as you go down through cortex, but a columnar organization, where you have modules, processing information deep – that meant subcutaneous receptors in joints or muscle or skin on the surface. We didn’t find that, and nobody has found that. Instead ...

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