Three experiments examined the effects of locomotion and incidental learning on the orientation dependence of spatial memory. Participants learned the locations of common objects in a room, and then made judgments of relative direction using their memories of the layout (e.g. "Imagine you are standing at the clock, facing the jar. Point to the book"). The experiments manipulated the number of headings experienced, the amount of interaction with the objects, and whether or not participants were informed that their memories of the layout would be tested. Regardless of the conditions at the time of learning, spatial memories were orientation dependent: Accuracy of judgments of relative direction was significantly and substantially higher for some imagined headings than for others. There was no evidence that locomotion, interaction with objects, or incidental learning led to the formation of view-invariant mental representations.