PSYCHOLOGY 101
EXAM 1
FALL 1999
DR. OAKLEY RAY
Name_______________________________
SS#__________________________
Date__________________
Honor Code: I pledge my honor that I will neither give nor receive aid on this examination. Signature____________________
Instructions: Choose one response that best answers the question
1. Which series of terms match molecular-molar explanation:
A) reductionism-antecedent conditions
B) reductionism-analogy
C) antecedent conditions-reductionism
D) analogy-antecedent conditions
E) b and d
2. The law of effect states _______________.
A) of all the conditions that occur in many situations, the one most likely to reoccur when the animal is back in these situations is the one that is most closely followed by satisfaction.
B) of all the condition that occur in a particular situation, the one most likely to reoccur when the animal is back in that situation is the one that is most closely followed by a punishing event
C) of all the condition that occur in a particular situation, the one most likely to reoccur when the animal is back in that situation is the one that is most closely followed by satisfaction
D) a and c
E) a and d
3. Depression is associated with left frontal cortex activation is an example of a_________
A) reductionistic explanation
B) analogical explanation
C) molar explanation
D) antecedent conditions explanation
E) nonobserable event's explanation
4. Which of the following is false?
A) neural connections in the brain are themselves a form of memory
B) a calm, inactive lifestyle is necessary to achieve the full potential of the old-age brain
C) the cellular skeleton of the brain changes with age
D) as people grow older, the neurons in their brains can continue to make new connections
E) identical twins have the same finger prints
5. John Watson rejected the structuralism school of psychology in favor of behaviorism because _______________.
A) he wanted to start his own school
B) they were too objective
C) they did not consider consciousness to be worth studying
D) they exploited animals in their research
E) they focused on the unobservable
6. Which of the following best describes Dr. Ray's interpretation of 'multum non nulta'
A) no matter how many samples you take, reality will elude your effort to measure it
B) it is better not have lots of weak friends rather then few strong ones
C) for every cause there is an effect
D) coherent relations between facts are more important than the sheer numbers of facts
E) energy and mass are interchangeable
7. Dr. Ray drew a parallel between the work of Darwin, Freud, and _____________, noting that each helped to deflate man's sense of self-importance.
A) Einstein
B) Newton
C) Kepler
D) Pythagoras
E) Copernicus
8. What does determine the upper limit of behaviors?
A) genetics
B) life space
C) early experiences
D) nutrition
E) emotions
9. Japan's McDonald Generation refers to____________
A) Japanese children's love for McDonald?
B) American influence in Japan
C) Genetic vulnerability of the Japanese
D) interaction between diet and genes
E) locus of control
10. One of Dr. Rays basic concepts of psychology states that behavior always involves conflict. What does he mean by this?
A) Acting requires a person to invade the space of another
B) choosing one action requires you not to do another action
C) for every action, there is a opposite and equal re-action
D) any action requires a person to fight against the physical environment
E) a and c
11. The experiments of Harlow on Baby Rhesus monkeys showed that__________
A) genetic information is sufficient for normal behavior
B) environment is important in development
C) how to conduct analog studies
D) baby monkeys behave identical to human babies
E) baby monkeys brain is the same size and weight as that of humans
12. Which is true?
A) IQ is solely determined by our learning experiences
B) IQ is affected by SES
C) IQ is predetermined and not affected by SES
D) Blacks and whites have the same distribution of IQ
E) none of the above
13. The biggest determinant of our life space comes from_______
A) Our beliefs about ourselves
B) innate abilities
C) our parents education level
D) Our education level
E) c and
14. The mean levels of operation in the body that the brain strives to maintain is called_______
A)somatosensory balance
B) homogeneity
C) homoeostasis
D) physiological equilibrium
E) Physical balance
15. Dr Ray read the "Little Engine that Could" in class as an example of________
A) how our belief systems are formed at birth
B) how expectancies are learned beginning in childhood
C) how external locus of control can lead to success
D) how genetics limits our capabilities
E) how our belief systems at present help us succeed
16. Behavior is not____
A) functional
B) the same in all context
C) involves conflict
D) a and b
E) all of the above
17. Dr Ray mentioned that psychology is the study of college students. He was referring to the issue of
A) reliability
B) reproductive success
C) genralizability
D) a and b
E) all of the above
18. James Olds' experiments in which he implanted electrodes into the brains of rats suggest that the medial forebrain bundle is responsible for________
A) satiation
B) psychokinesis
C) kinesthesia
D) homoeostasis
E) pleasure
19. Suppose that a person grabs a burger and begins to eat. One explanation for this behavior is that he is hungry. This is an example of what kind of explanation?
A) analogy
B) paradigmatic
C) reductionist
D) antecedent conditions
E) unobervable internal states
20. If the brain of a rat were lesioned such that the neurons responsible for sight in the left eye were destroyed. The ability of the rat to see again would be an example of _______
A) neural genesis
B) neural plasticity
C) neural redundancy
D) neural cytoplasm
E) neural takeover
21. The nucleus accumbens in humans as a function analogous to the function of the _____ in rats
A) lateral nucleus
B) medial forebrain bundle
C) hippocampus
D) cental midbrain bundle
E) central forebrain bundle
22. If a man had electrodes implanted in his periventricular system that he could control with a push button, he would be likely to _____
A) push the button when he was depressed
B) take steps to ensure button never pushed
C) push the button when happy
D) have Dr. Ray push the button
E) be indifferent to whether the button was pushed
23. An animal under stress for a prolonged period of time experiences
A) diminished capacity for learning
B) increased levels of cortisol in the blood
C) decrease in muscular development
D) all of the above
E) a and b
24. Dr. Ray lesioned the Ventro Medial Nucleus in rats to confirm himself that it was the center of _________
A) deprivation
B) satiation
C) emotions
D) arousal
E) memory
25. Jane Goodall has shown that _______________.
A) only humans can use signs and symbols in their communication
B) human and Chimp brains are of the same size
C) only humans can use abstract language
D) a and c
E) b and c
26. Which of the following is false?
A) endorphins impact blood pressure
B) endorphins are identical to morphine
C) endorphins impact pain
D) endorphins impact depression
E) endorphin are different from serotonin
27. The research on the capabilities of new borns suggest that _______________.
A) newborns have no innate capabilities to survive
B) are little brain stems
C) newborns have many capabilities that we are just beginning to understand
D) a and b
E) all of the ave
28. The module on nature/ nature interaction has demonstrated that _______________.
A) we unfold in a prescribed predetermined manner
B) diet, stress and lifestyle contribute to individual differences in the aging process
C) identical twins raised in the same environment do not differ in the ability to remember on a matching block pattern test
D) a and c
E) all of the above
29. Dr. Ray was hit in the head by a disgruntled student. As the result, he cannot solve the problem of increasing class participation. He has probably damaged his_______
A) medial temporal lobe
B) right frontal lobe
C) left frontal lobe
D) right medial lobe
E) left central lobe
30. The module "The Aging Brain" illustrates that _______________.
A) only 50% of brain activity is lost as we grow older
B) only 5% of brain activity is lost as we grow older
C) enriched learning environments help slow brain deterioration
D) brain deterioration begins after age 70
E) brain deterioration begins as after 85
31. The module on aging and memory illustrates that _______________.
A) people over 40 years of age can learn faster that people below 40years
B) people over 50 learn faster than people younger
C) learning ability persists in older people but at a reduced rate
D) more areas of the brain are involved in learning in older people
E) b and c
32. Survival rates for a 28 week old fetus are _________
A) 95%
B) 80%
C) 70%
D) 60%
E) 50%
33. Dr. Ray mentioned that menarche in American women was beginning at an earlier age than in the past. This is an example of___________
A) sexual potentiating
B) impact of the environment on genes
C) impact of genes on the environment
D) changes in menarche because women are becoming pregnant earlier
E) efficient fat absorption in women' bodies
34. Which of the following is false?
A) identical twins reared apart describe their separate upbringing in strikingly similar ways
B) there is a negative correlation between number of children in a family and language ability
C) the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior
D) mental and physical capacity diminish after age 30
E) none of the above
35. Which of the following are false?
A) reflex is hardwired and cannot be changed
B) reflex can be inhibited
C) chain of reflexes make and instinct
D) a nd b
E) a and c
36. A paradigm is defined as _________________.
A) a broad-based school of thought employed by a scientific community that shares many common elements but lacks a definitive method of research
B) a broad system of theoretical assumptions employed by a scientific community that includes shared models, metaphors, and methods
C) one of many perspectives that exist within a scientific community about which researchers develop and investigate various hypotheses
D) a theoretical framework shared by a
small number of scientists within a community who use it as their basis
of scientific investigation
37. Experimentation is the key methodology of the _______________.
A) Psycho dynamic Perspective
B) Behaviorist Perspective
C) Cognitive Perspective
D) Evolutionary Perspective
E) Cognitive-Dynamic Perspective
38. Which of the following most accurately summarizes the three basic assumptions made by Psycho dynamic psychologists?
A) First, people's actions are a result of free will. Second, this free will may or may not be in their awareness. Third, if they are aware that their actions are the result of free will, they will be in conflict.
B) First, people's actions are determined by determinism. Second, most people are aware of the factors that underlie their deterministic actions. Third, many mental events occur outside of the conscious realm, thus causing conflict.
C) First, people's actions are determined by the way thoughts, feelings, and wishes interact. Second, these mental events often occur outside of conscious awareness. Third, they may conflict with one another, leading to compromises among competing motives.
D) First, people's actions are determined by the way thoughts, feelings, and wishes are connected in their minds. Second, many of the unconscious motivations for these mental events can be determined through psychoanalysis. Third, determining the motivations for certain mental processes will not reduce inner conflict.
E) All of the above
39. The nature-nurture controversy concerns ________.
A) the question of determinism and free will
B) the role of unconscious processes as a determinant of behavior
C) the degree to which inborn processes and external stimuli determine human behavior
D) the natural tendency of humans, like all other animals, to nurture their young
E) the question of rationalism
40. According to the evolutionary perspective, many human behaviors are prevalent in today's society because in the past __________________.
A) they used to be viewed by other cultures as abnormal during times of natural selection
B) they helped animal species select offspring that would be more likely to survive
C) they helped our ancestors survive and produce offspring that would be more likely to survive
D) only the strongest of our culture was able to overcome the abnormalities inherent in natural selection
E) all of the above
41. A carpenter establishes ___________________ when she consistently arrives on time and performs her job competently. She establishes ____________________ when she performs with equal skill on different carpentry tasks and _______________________ when various customers agree in their assessment of her work.
A) internal consistency . . . test-retest reliability . . . inter-rater reliability
B) internal consistency . . . inter-rater reliability . . . test-retest reliability
C) test-retest reliability . . . inter-rater reliability . . . internal consistency
D) test-retest reliability . . . internal consistency . . . inter-rater reliability
E) test-retest reliability . . . inter-rater
reliability . . . test-retest reliability
42. The placebo effect refers to _____________________.
A) the degree to which a subject's demand characteristics shape the effect of a study's research
B) a method of single-blind study that decreases the effect of demand characteristics through use of a placebo
C) an intervention that produces an effect because the subject believes it will produce an effect
D) a double-blind study that produces an effect because subjects believe it is a single-blind study
E) all of the above
43. The lower the p-value of a study, the _________.
A) more likely the variables are confounded
B) less certain one can feel about the results
C) less likely the results occurred by chance
D) more likely the variable is normally distributed
E) a and b
44. In all cases, the aim of statistics in psychology is ________________________.
A) to quantify research findings so that psychologists can compare and contrast findings of various studies
B) to determine the p-value of significant phenomena so as to predict the behavior of various species
C) to add an element of the scientific and mathematical to an area characterized by emotions and feelings
D) to try to draw generalizations about a population without having to study every one of its members
E) all of the above
45. In an emergency situation, the adrenal glands of the body secrete "emergency" hormones while the ____________ nervous system prepares the body for fight or flight.
A) sympathetic
B) parasympathetic
C) somatic
D) central
E) autonomic
46. Males and females tend to differ in ____________________, related in part to ___________________.
A) cognitive strengths . . . hormonal influences on brain development
B) emotional perceptions . . . differences in frontal lobe functioning
C) linguistic abilities . . . cyclical hormonal level changes in the female
D) mathematical abilities . . . estrogen levels in the male bloodstream
E) emotional perceptions . . . difference
in hypothalmus
47. A heritability coefficient quantifies ________________.
A) the extent to which variation in a trait across individuals can be accounted for by genetic variation
B) the degree of relatedness exhibited by siblings versus the degrees of relatedness exhibited by MZ and DZ twins
C) the amount of genetic determination measurable in the brain during its development from infancy to adulthood
D) the hierarchical aspects of the brain as they relate to DNA strands of genetic information
E) a and c
48. According to the Gestalt principles of perception, the brain tends to group together ________________.
A) similar elements and objects in close proximity
B) subjective contours and objects with their background
C) incomplete figures and contiguous shapes
D) familiar objects and unfamiliar objects
E) c and d
49. Schemas can ________________ but they can also _________________.
A) have a top-down influence on perception . . . have a bottom-up effect
B) increase the speed and efficiency of perception . . . induce perceptual errors
C) effectively integrate sensory information . . . over-compartmentalize perceptions
D) determine the amount of sensory input received . . . increase input as needed
E) all of the above
50. Consciousness refers to ____________.
A) a continuum of experiences in awareness
B) the subjective awareness of mental events
C) a conscious behavior emitted by an organism
D) the rules a person uses to balance conflicting
desires E) all of the above
51. Research suggests that introducing meditation in the workplace ______________________.
A) reduces worker productivity levels
B) can be a useful stress management technique
C) may improve employee inter-relationships
D) often leads employees to report a higher level of job satisfaction
E) has no impact
52. Psychologists define the periods of human development characterized by special sensitivity to specific types of learning that shape the capacity for future development as _____________.
A) windows of opportunity
B) learning portals
C) critical periods
D) sensitive periods
E) cognitive periods
53. Psychology is defined as _________________.
A) the study of conscious and unconscious mental processes
B) the scientific investigation of behavior
C) the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior
D) the study of paradigms of culture and behavior
E) all of the above
54. __________ were the first to contend that individual psychology is shaped primarily by cultural values, ideas, and ways of thinking.
A) Structuralists
B) Ethologists
C) Sociobiologists
D) Anthropologists
E) Evolunationary biologist
55. Psychological determinist believe that ________________________.
A) people choose a course of action and act on it
B) human actions are determined by genetic processes and environmental events
C) in the immediate moment people have free will, but in the long run they have determinism
D) psychological science can uncover basic laws of behavior that transcend time and culture
E) environment determines how people act
56. One of the primary research tools of the school of structuralism was ______________.
A) introspection
B) interpretation
C) psychoanalysis
D) deduction
E) dream analysis
57. While ____________________ attempted to catalog elements of consciousness, __________________ focused on the role of psychological processes.
A) Structuralists . . . functionalists
B) behaviorists . . . cognitists
C) psychoanalysts . . . Structuralists
D) rationalists . . . psychoanalysts
E) functionalist…behaviorist
B) Each psychologist holds a different psychological perspective and thus interprets the data as it relates to his or her psychological bent.
C) Each psychologist has a different psychological paradigm and thus interprets the data as it relates to his or her paradigm.
D) Each psychologist is interested in a different aspect of the patient's data and thus only interprets a small amount of all the information given.
E) All of the above
B) behaviorist
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic
E) cognitive-behaviorist
60. A psychologist who adheres to the behaviorist perspective would be in the greatest disagreement with which of the following?
A) A view of the mind as a black box.
B) A view of humans as machines.
C) Cartesian dualism.
D) A view of the mind as tabula rasa at birth
E) The view that "I think, therefore I am"
61. __________ was the clearest precursor to the cognitive perspective.
A) Cartesian dualism
B) Structuralism
C) Psychoanalysis
D) Psychological Anthropology
E) Computer science
62. A measure is internally consistent if _________________________.
A) two different interviewers rate a subject similarly regarding a particular dimension
B) several ways of asking the same question yield similar results
C) it has a tendency to yield relatively similar scores for the same individual over time
D) it consistently relates to some objective criterion
E) c and d
63. To demonstrate causation, a researcher must ___________________.
A) manipulate the way a subject responds to some aspect of a situation
B) operationalize dependent and independent statistics
C) develop a hypothesis that predicts the relationship between variables
D) show that the manipulation of one variable leads to predicted changes in another
E) all of the above
64. In all cases, the aim of statistics in psychology is ________________________.
A) to quantify research findings so that psychologists can compare
and contrast findings of various studies
B) to determine the p-value of significant phenomena so as to predict the behavior of various species
C) to add an element of the scientific and mathematical to an area characterized by emotions and feelings
D) to try to draw generalizations about a population without having to study every one of its members
E) all of the above
65. One way to learn about the neural pathways involved in consciousness is to examine neurological conditions that ____________ them, such as ___________ of the corpus callosum.
A) stimulate......suppression
B) impede........stimulation
C) disrupt ........severing
D) activate .......stimulation
E) activate .......stimulation
B) muscles rest and rejuvenate . . . muscle aches and tension
C) ocular system rests . . . headaches centered in the eye area
D) mid-brain rejuvenates . . . headache and short term memory impairment
E) all of the above
B) cross-sectional
C) longitudinal
D) sequential
E) correlational
B) adaptive
C) crystallized
D) active
E) fluid
B) precognition
C) preconception
D) recognitions schema
E) cognitive schema
B) crystallized intelligence
C) fluid intelligence
D) emotional intelligence
E) intelligence schema