Psychology 101 Class Exam 3

50 multiple-choice questions (1 point each)

Please choose the best answer for each of the following. Mark your answers on the scantron sheet provided. Use a #2 pencil only.

1. Qualities that are essential or necessarily present in order to classify the object as a member of the category are called __________.
A. essential elements
B. prototypes
C. defining features
D. exemplars
E. abstractions

2. Since Bob started wearing his new running shoes, he has noticed that his feet hurt after his evening jog. Because Bob has never had this problem before, he concludes that his new shoes are the source of his foot pain. Bob is using ___________reasoning.
A. deductive
B. intuitive
C. inductive
D. prejudicial
E. proactive

3. Cindy completes her standardized test only to discover that the final number on her answer sheet does not correspond with that on her exam. She reviews each line of her scantron until she discovers a question for which she has blackened two choices instead of one. She corrects the error by erasing the incorrect choice from that line and moving each of the remaining choices down one space. The problem-solving strategy Cindy employed is called ____________.
A. hypothesis testing
B. mental simulation
C. panic management
D. an algorithm
E. functional heuristics

4. Jim was soaked by an unexpected cloudburst while walking from his car to his office because he failed to realize that the morning paper he carried under his arm could have been unfolded to provide an excellent emergency umbrella. Jim was a victim of ____________.
A. confirmation bias
B. conventional heuristics
C. limited visualization
D. functional fixedness
E. conceptual constriction

5. After she sees television news coverage of a plane crash, Susan decides to drive to Florida for her vacation rather than fly because she believes that driving will be safer. Statistically, however, Susan has a far greater chance of dying in a car accident than in an airplane crash. She has made her decision to drive based upon ___________.
A. an availability heuristic
B. inductive reasoning
C. connectionalism
D. deductive reasoning
E. panic management

6. The sentence "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" is an example of a sentence in English that has ____________.

A. correct phonology but incorrect phrasing
B. correct semantics but incorrect syntax
C. correct pragmatics but incorrect phrasing
D. correct syntax but incorrect semantics
E. correct phonology but incorrect grammar

7. Many billinguals experiences a different sense of self, depending on which language they are using. This most clearly illustrates the implications of :

· Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity

· Skinners language acquisition theory

· Banduras social-cognitive theory

· Chomskys language acquisition

· Sperrys split-brain theory

·
8. As a milestone in developing appropriate language skills, babies begin babbling (making utterances such as "lala" or "dada") sometime between the ages of ___________.
A. 1 month and 3 months
B. 4 months and 6 months
C. 7 months and 1 year
D. 1 and 2 years
E. Birth to 1 month

9. Alex is playing with her young son, Jacob, in the yard. Jacob points to a favorite toy and says "Mommy ball." Alex understands that her son wants to play with the ball. Jacob is communicating by using ____________.

A. yerkish
B. sequences
C. telegraphic speech
D. motherese
E. simultaneous combination

10. Which in the following would not be compatible with the notion that there is a critical period for language development, if it were true?

· Language acquisition as teenagers or young adults is easier than in later stages of adults.

· Normal lateralization of linguistic processes to one hemisphere typically takes places between ages 2 and 5.

· Data on individuals with left hemisphere damage suggests that early transfer of language functions to the non-damaged right hemisphere produce fewer impairments, whereas later attempts are less successful.

· The first three years of life seems to be the optimal time to attain native fluency of languages.

· Late learners in sign language generally outperform early learner in their ability to use the language.

11. In one experiment mentioned in class, the conversations between parents and their children were recorded on cassette tape. The researchers found that more _____ were used by parents that were welfare recipients than parents that were members of a profession.

· words

· encouraging messages

· feedback tones

· prohibitions

· impulsivity

12. Please tell which of the following statements is FALSE?

· Mentalizing is a basis of social psychology.

· The ability to mentalize is a major ingredient in successful social interaction,

· People who suffer autism or schizophrenia still have good mentalizing.

· Chimpanzees have a low level of mentalizing ability.

· The Sally-Anne task is used for evaluating the development of mentalizing.

13. What is the main theme of Dr. Rays article Working to save a generation of children?

· Emotional and cognitive nurturance are equally important in normal development as is adequate food and nutrition for children.

· The beginning of any experience is usually a good predictor of the final outcome.

· We should teach mothers how to be a good mother.

· It is time to put the children-at-risk into government-subsidized child care center.

· A and D

14. The universal problems to be solved mentioned in class lecture include all the following EXCEPT _____.

· death

· early children dependencies

· aggression

· sex-pleasure-offspring connections

· growth

15. Which statement is correct in view of the article handed out in class, The Problem of the Color Line?
A. The assumptions and prejudice people carry are those of their roots, their neighborhoods and their society.
B. A great gap in understanding things is not related to the problem of the color line.
C. We have talked too much about what race means in all its manifestations.
D. The problem of the color line will not be a problem in the 21^st century.
E. None of all the above.

16. According to the motivational approach advanced by Abraham Maslow, a mother will feed a hungry child before she teaches him to read because _______________.
A. growth needs must be met before self-actualization needs
B. secondary needs take precedence over primary needs
C. self-actualization needs are the lowest level on the hierarchy of needs
D. deficiency needs must be met before growth needs
E. resolution needs take precedence over security needs

17. ERG theory condenses the hierarchy of needs into three levels: __________, ____________, and ___________.
A. elementary . . . reproductive . . . goal realization
B. elementary . . . relatedness . . . growth
C. existence . . . relatedness . . . growth
D. existence . . . reproductive . . . goal realization
E. extrinsic . reproductive .. growth

18. In a study, subjects are given notebooks in which they are to record both their food intake and number of dining companions for seven consecutive days. Research most logically leads us to predict that _____________.
A. when subjects eat alone, they eat more
B. whether eating alone or with others, subjects will under-report their level of food intake
C. subjects will eat more "healthy" foods when they eat with companions
D. the more people present, the more subjects will eat
E. the more people present, the less subjects will eat

19. Obesity is defined as ____________.
A. body weight 10 percent or more above the ideal for one's height and age
B. body weight 15 percent or more above the ideal for one's height and age
C. body weight 20 percent or more above the ideal for one's height and age
D. body weight 25 percent or more above the ideal for one's height and age
E. body weight 35 percent or more above the ideal for one's height and age

20. It is generally believed that _______ of high school girls report that they are trying to lose weight.
A. one-quarter
B. fifty percent
C. two-thirds
D. seventy-five percent
E. thirty percent

21. Rebekkah is very eager to see the new movie that has just opened at the local theater. However, because her boyfriend is out of town, she decides to wait until his return so they can see it together. Rachel's actions can best be described as _____________.
A. attachment motivation
B. intimacy desire
C. affiliation motive
D. attachment disorder
E. insecure attachment

22. George has just transferred to a new university. He's eager to make some friends just to hang out with or maybe shoot some baskets with once in a while. Psychologists would probably describe George's motivation as a(n) __________ need.
A. affiliation
B. fraternization
C. friendship
D. assimilation
E. attachment

23. The need for ____________ is the best-researched psychosocial motivation.
A. achievement
B. sex
C. power
D. societal acceptance
E. affiliation

24. In general, people with a high need for achievement tend to attribute their successes to ______________ and their failures to _______________.
A. their abilities . . . forces beyond their control
B. opportunity . . . personal short comings
C. inspiration . . . lack of motivation
D. hard work . . . lack of sufficient personal effort
E. hard work . lack of opportunities

25. Research suggests that the strongest predictor of presidential success (as assessed by historians' ratings) is _____________ motivation.
A. power
B. achievement
C. affiliation

· intrinsic

· extrinsic

26. Psychologists define _________________ as changes in interpersonal thought, feeling, and behavior throughout the lifespan.
A. social development
B. maturation
C. personal growth

· assimilation

· attachment

27. Harry Harlow completed a series of experiments in which baby rhesus monkeys were raised with two artificial "mothers". One of the "mothers" was made of wire and could deliver food; the other was made of cloth and monkey fur but provided no food. Harlow found that when the baby monkeys were startled or frightened, ____________. Accordingly, Harry Harlow observed that ________ is the crucial element in forming attachment relationships in primates.

· they preferred the wire surrogate . a reliable food source

· they preferred the cloth and fur surrogate . affiliation need

· they preferred the cloth and fur surrogate .. perceived security

· they showed no clear preference, and ran to whichever surrogate was closer sexual interaction

· they preferred the wire surrogate . survival resources

28. From an evolutionary viewpoint, separation anxiety __________.
A. impedes the development of the species and is thus maladaptive
B. promotes survival of the young and is thus adaptive
C. inhibits further sexual relations of the parents and is thus maladaptive
D. encourages close parental relations and is thus adaptive
E. facilitates the development of the species and is thus adaptive

29. ___________ children often seem relatively unfazed by their mother's departure, whereas ____________ children become very upset.
A. Securely attached . . . disorganized
B. Securely attached . . . avoidant
C. Ambivalent . . . securely attached
D. Avoidant . . . ambivalent
E. Avoidant .. securely attached

30. According to the theory of Bowlby, a child whose early attachment to her mother is marked by extreme anxiety resulting from inconsistent or abusive caretaking may _________________.

A. form a working model of herself as totally independent and see significant others are hostile
B. form a working model of herself as unlovable and see significant others as unpredictable
C. form a working model of herself as hostile and see significant others as unlovable
D. form a working model of herself as disorganized and see significant others as ambivalent
E. form a working model of herself as anxious and see significant others as are disorganized

31. Research indicates that an adult's attachment pattern in relation to his own parents, as assessed by interview, can predict _______________________ with remarkable accuracy.
A. their own children's attachment style
B. their "vertical" adult relationships
C. their general physical health, as well as life-expectancy
D. their marital status
E. achievement motivation

32. Preschool studies have found that the most independent, inquisitive, and social children usually have ____________ parents.
A. abusive
B. authoritative
C. authoritarian

· permissive

· strong

33. According to Dr. Rays lecture, boys in Europe and North America receive _______________ than do their female counterparts.
A. more warmth, affection and trust
B.less punishment
C. more independence
D. more encouragement to compete
E. all of the above

34. Around age ____, children begin to define themselves based on internal, psychological attributes as much as on the obviously perceptible qualities or appearances that dominate all cognition in early childhood.
A. 2
B. 5
C. 3
D. 8
E. 12

35. Children encode and organize information about their culture's definitions of maleness and femaleness in __________.

A. sex-role ideologies
B. gender stereotypes
C. gender ideals
D. gender schemas
E. gender roles

36. During the developmental stage identified by Erikson as autonomy versus shame and doubt ___________________.
A. children either come to trust others or perceive the world as hostile or unreliable
B. children learn to walk and talk and hence to experience themselves as sources of will and power
C. the conscience emerges and with it guilt, as well as a heightened control over impulses
D. social comparison processes become important
E. children become to operate environments to improve their behaviors

37. Philip Zimbado devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guides. This experiments dramatically illustrated the impact of ___________.

· deindividulization on the fundamental attribution error

· group thinking on social conflict

· team membership on social loafing

· role playing on attitudes and identities

· the social influence of obedience

38. Social psychologists distinguish three components of an attitude: _________________________.
A. cognitive, evaluative, and behavioral disposition
B. activating conditions, belief systems, and consequences
C. associative, evaluative, and behavioral consequence
D. activating condition, evaluation, and behavior
E. cognition, accessibility, and behavior consequences

39. A persuasive strategy that targets behavioral change is the _______________ technique, based on the principle that once people comply with a small request, they are more likely to comply with a bigger one.
A. take-a-mile
B. foot-in-the-door
C. gradual exposure
D. push-over
E. cognitive adaptation

40. According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following situations would probably produce the most cognitive dissonance?

· An animal-right activist attending a pro-animal research rally and disagreeing with what she hears.

· An opponent of the animal research attending a pro-animal research rally and agreeing with what she hears.

· An opponent of the animal research attending a protest of animal research and agreeing with what she hears.

· An advocate of the animal research attending a pro-death penalty rally and agreeing with what she hears.

· An animal-right activist attending a pro-death penalty rally and disagreeing with what she hears.

41. Which of Rickys statements supports a self-perception theory explanation for his positive attitude toward Alice?
A "I must like her; I am on a date with her."
B. "My best friend told me that she was fun."
C. "I know I love her in my heart."
D. "She is a super nice individual."
E. "She always tries to be close to me."

42. Which of the following is a factor that will increase the likelihood of helping behavior?

* If the victim is stigmatized.

· If there is blood and gore.

· If the victim is a stranger.

· If there are few other people present.

· If there are many people present.

43. According to Milgram, the most important lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that ______________.

· people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressive

· even ordinary non-hostile people can become agents of destruction

· the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives

· after the World War II people became more obedient to authority

· people naturally enjoy causing anxiety, pain and unhappiness in potential rivals

44. Sheryl hates brussel sprouts. Research on attitude change would indicate that if Sheryl repeatedly read the statement, "I like brussel sprouts, I like brussel sprouts, . . .," that her opinion of brussel sprouts would become more positive. All of the following can be a reason why simply repeating a message enough times can make a person change attitudes EXCEPT which?

A. People tend to prefer things that are familiar.
B. A message linking an attitude toward an object with a feeling strengthens the connections between the two things through simple mechanisms of association.
C. One cue for the credibility of a message is the number of times a person hears it.
D. A familiar message is more likely to be implicitly accepted as the majority view.
E. It is due to the "memory route" to persuasion.

45. Research indicates that first impressions ____________________.

A. are not, as once thought, significantly influential in the formation of either short-term or long-term opinions
B. are only significantly influential in the formation of short-term mental representations
C. are only significantly influential in the formation of long-term mental representations
D. can have remarkably powerful effects by creating mental representations that influence the processing of subsequent information.
E. can be significantly influential in attitude changes

46. In attitude terms, _____________ is the behavioral component of negative attitudes toward particular groups.
A. bias
B. prejudice
C. discrimination
D. stereotyping
E. framing

47. In a study, investigators will present test subjects with a series of black and white faces followed by either a positive or negative adjective. The participant's task will be to press a key indicating whether that adjective was positive or negative. From past research, we can most reasonably predict that _______________________.

· the speed with which subjects recognize the negative words after exposure to black faces, will directly reflect the level to which they admit to holding racist attitudes

· Negative attitudes toward blacks will be reflected in how quickly they recognize the negative words after exposure to black faces, whether or not they consciously admit to holding racist attitudes
* Negative attitudes toward blacks will be reflected in how quickly they recognize the positive words after exposure to white faces, whether or not they consciously admit to holding racist attitudes

· the speed with which subjects recognize the positive words after exposure to black faces will directly reflect the level to which they admit to holding racist attitudes

48. When trying to understand the behavior of others, people sometimes make ____________attributions, based on the situation, whereas other times they make ___________ attributions, based on the person.

A. external . . . internal
B. environmental . . . innate
C. social . . . self
D. secondary . . . primary
E. direct . Indirect

Note: Q# 49 is a questionable question, thus it was not graded.
49. According to the graphs discussed in the lecture about happiness, which of the following statements about happiness is true?

· The percentage of "Satisfied with life" remain constant across age groups.

· The percentage of Very happy" in females and males does not differ significantly.

· Never-married adults are less happy than married adults.

· The wealthier the nation, the happier the people there.

· All of the above.

50. According to the video about the study of American sign language, which of the following statements is right?

· The study aimed to understand why the signed language as an alternative of spoken language has no complicated grammars.

· Tansmission of language can only be achieved by using vocal tracts.

· Very complex language must be innately related to sounds.

· Signed language is processed in left hemisphere as is spoken language.

· A and D