Psychology 101 Old Class Exam 2

50 multiple-choice questions (1 point each)

Please choose the best answer for each of the following. Mark your answers on the scantron sheet provided. Use a #2 pencil only.

1. Learning refers to __________________.
A. an enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experience
B. a variety of experiences that shape behavior
C. experiences that become associated because they occur in relative proximity
D. changes that are brought about through classical or operant conditioning
E. The behavior concept that involves classical or operant conditioning

2. Which of the following is an example of reflex?
A.Salmon swimming back to their place of birth to spawn.
B.The eye blinks to prevent form getting dry.
C. Constriction of the pupil as the intensity of light striking the eye increases rapidly.
D. A rat pup responding to a high frequency signal given off by its mother.
E.Slowing the rate at which ones heart beats by being made aware of the present heart rate.

3. In John Watson's famous study with little Albert, he conditioned Albert to associate furry things with a loud unpleasant noise and typically demonstrated that _________.

A. a phobia could be induced but also extinguished
B.operant and classical conditioning could achieve similar results
C.latent learning could occur in infants and children
D.conditioning can be generalized
E.a fear response could be classically conditioned
(Check Wastons experiments in the textbook on P 206-207).

4. Which one of the following correctly categorizes the elements of Pavlov's research?

A. Subjects: the dogs; neutral stimulus: the food; CS: the bell; CR: salivation in response to the food; UCS: the bell; UCR: salivation in response to the bell.

B. Subjects: the dogs; UCS: the food; UCR: salivation in response to the food; neutral stimulus: the bell; CS: the bell; CR: salivation in response to the bell.
C.Subjects: the dogs; neutral stimulus: the food; UCS: the food; UCR: salivation in response to the food; CS: the bell; CR: salivation in response to the bell.
D.Subjects: the dogs; neutral stimulus: the bell; CS: the bell; CR: salivation in response to the food; UCS: the food; UCR: salivation to the bell.
E. Subjects: the dogs; CS: the food; UCR: salivation in response to the food; neutral stimulus: the food; UCS: the bell; CR: salivation in response to the bell.

5. Conditioned taste aversions generally result from ______ and are considered _______ by the evolutionary perspective.
A. strong or bitter gestational sensations . . . adaptive
B. overactive sensations . . . necessary for foraging
C. classical conditioning through illness . . . peripheral
D. taste associations with nausea . . . important
E. operant and classical conditioning crucial for survival

6. A student who is frequently criticized by his parents reacts negatively to constructive criticism from his teachers. He is __________.
A. confusing the CS (his parents) with the UCS (his teachers) in classical conditioning
B. generalizing the negative reinforcement received from his parents to his teachers
C. confusing his teachers positive reinforcement with his parents' negative reinforcement
D. making a maladaptive generalization from his parents' criticism to his teachers criticism
E. affected by the history of conditioning in different settings at home and in school

7. The ________ of the CS and UCS is one of the factors crucial to conditioning.
A. temporal order (check P 211 about Factors Affecting classical conditioning)
B. reflexive response
C. variable interval schedule
D.positive reinforcement
E. behavior consequences

Use the table to answer question 8 and 9:

	Presentation
	Withdraw	Deliver
Aversive Stimulus	A	B
Pleasurable Stimulus	C	D

8. The probabilities of a response will increase when which of the following occurs?

A. A or B
B. B or C
C.C or D
D.A or C
E.A or D

9. The probability of a response will be temporarily suppressed whenever ______ occurs.

A. A or B
B. B or C
C.C or D
D.A or C
E.A or D

10. Suppose that you are attracted to a person standing behind you at a party. You are about to strike up a conversation but change your mind when you notice the person is wearing a wedding band. The wedding band, for you, is a _________.
A. shaping
B. punishment
C. negative reinforcer
D. discriminative stimulus (Check P 224-225)
E. conditioning stimulus

11. Which of the following best summarized the findings of Kandel's and his colleagues' research on cellular basis of learning in the sea snail, Aplysia?

A. In classical conditioning, both the nervous system and the endocrine system are altered to increase the strength and speed of "familiar" transmissions.
B. In classical conditioning, both presynaptic and the postsynaptic neurons are altered to increase the strength and speed of "familiar" transmissions. (check P21-215)
C. In classical conditioning, both sympathetic and parasympathetic responses are altered to increase the strength and speed of "unfamiliar" transmissions.
D. In operant conditioning, both reinforcement and punishment alter the nervous system by increasing the strength and speed of "familiar" transmissions.
E. In operant conditioning, both sympathetic and parasympathetic responses are altered to increase the strength and speed of "unfamiliar" transmissions.

12. Which of the following is a good example of operant conditioning?

A. Robyn is elected president of her class, and vows to "make good" on all of her campaign promises.
B. Garrison speaks louder than usual when he talks to his mother on the phone since she is hard of hearing.
C.John wakes at the sound of most buzzers because they sound exactly like her alarm clock that goes off at 7 am each day.
D.Milo cancels his credit card to avoid paying the annual fee but plans to reinstate it in the new year.
E. Jennifer is afraid of walking alone at night and always tries to walk with someone else.

13. Recently Dr. Smith goes to bar after work very often instead of going home early, because his wife keeps nagging him a lot at home. In this case, _______ is reinforced; ____ is a ______ reinforcer.
A. his behavior of going bar after work . his wifes nagging negative
B. his behavior of going home early . the bar. positive
C. his behavior of going home early. his wifes nagging positive
D. his behavior of not going home early. his wifes nagging. positive
E. his behavior of going bar after work . the bar. negative

14. Operant conditioning typically involves ______________ while classical conditioning more often involves ______________.

A. Voluntary behavior . . . involuntary behavior controlled by the autonomic nervous system
B. conditioned behavior . . . reflexive responses controlled by the central nervous system
C. spontaneous behavior . . . conditioned behavior controlled by the cerebral cortex
D. reflexive behavior . . . voluntary decisions controlled by the peripheral nervous system
E. conditioned behavior . . . reflexive responses controlled by the peripheral nervous system

15. A partial reinforcement schedule is more effective ____________, making the behavior more resistant to extinction.
A. during the acquisition of a response
B. in maintaining a learned behavior
C. during classical conditioning experiments
D. during cognitive-social conditioning
E. A and C

16. Which of the following is an example of paradoxical conditioning?
A. A marijuana user tends to smoke more and more marijuana with repeated use. (check P 213)
B. A recovering alcoholic smokes cigarettes to counteract detoxification reactions.
C. An intravenous drug user needs to take morphine to help him recover from heroin.
D. An athlete takes steroids before each major competition to enhance her performance.
E. A person covers his ear in response to loud noise.

17. Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

A. A student refuses to study for an important exam because her roommate has already finished studying.
B. A teenager begins to wear bell-bottoms after seeing a contemporary movie in which the star wore bell-bottoms.
C. A dancer learns a new routine through weeks of intensive practice and discipline.
D. A returning student slowly re-learns to speak French after years of not speaking the language.
E. A child tends to do housework if his parents pay him a little pocket money.

18. Learned helplessness is a good example of the power of _________.

A. expectancies
B. negative reinforcement
C. classical conditioning
D. prepared learning
E. conditioned response

19. Danielle decides not to throw her stuffed animals in the toilet after she witnesses her brother Scott being punished for putting his stuffed animals in the toilet. This is an example of _________.

A. vicarious conditioning
B. scheduled reinforcement
C. tutelage
D. prepared learning
E. observational conditioning

20. In the film Reinforcement Therapy shown in class, what technique was mainly used to get mentally disturbed adults to act appropriately?

· successive approximation

· classical conditioning

· spontaneous recovery

· token reinforcement

· negative reinforcement

21. If short-term memory capacity is measured by having people recite lists of auditorially presented digits, the estimated capacity will be greater for speakers of English than speakers of Welsh. This is true most because

· digit names are shorter in English than in Welsh. (This is tested about the limited capacity of short-term memory or working memory. Of course, it would be helpful if you know the language characteristics. BTW, one handout talks about the related concept called the phonological loop. )

· Welsh numerals are more complex than English numerals.

· the Welsh people are educationally and economically disadvantaged, and therefore perform worse on some intellectual ability measures.

· "chunking" is easier in Welsh than in English.

· Welsh and English speaker adopt different strategies in mental representation of digits.

22. What is the underlying memory mechanism that mostly contributes to our perception of motion pictures (movies)?

· sensory memory

· short-term memory

· implicit memory

· semantic memory

· long-procedural memory

23. Trevor was having difficulty remembering his lines for a TV play because he really didn't understand what he was saying. Trevor and his director went over Trevor's speech so that Trevor could comprehend it. Once Trevor could picture what he was saying, he was able to memorize his lines. Trevor used ______________ to commit his lines to long-term memory.
A. elaborate rehearsal
B. chunking
C. maintenance rehearsal
D. encoding specificity
E. visual conformation

24. John is making a study plan for his chemistry class. He wishes to not only pass the course, but also remember as much material as he can for his internship next semester. It would be most efficient for John to study ____________.

A. several continuous hours a day, every day, the week before an exam
B. short periods of time a day, several times a week, throughout the semester
C. in the classroom in which she will be taking exams for the course
D. when she feels stressed so as to simulate the tension of an exam setting
E.as much material as possible within short periods and keep rehearsing.

25. Knowledge stored in long-term memory about how to do things, such as riding a bike or tying shoelaces is considered __________.

A. episodic memory
B. explicit memory
C. semantic memory
D. procedural memory
E. iconic memory

26. A subject participating in a free-recall task is presented with a list of words, one at a time, in the following order: Cat Cow Shark Dog Pig Donkey Goat Mammal. According to serial position effect, which of the following words is among the words the subject is most likely to remember?

A. Shark
B. Dog
C. Pig
D. Donkey
E. Mammal

27. Schemas affect the way people remember by _________ and by _________.

A. encoding information in STM . . . regulating the accessibility of that information
B. chunking information in random fashion . . . spacing recall of information intermittently
C. influencing the information they encode . . . shaping the way they reconstruct stored data
D.determining the hierarchy of information storage . . . encoding all information systematically
E. chunking information in an organized fashion in both STM and LTM.

28. Two sets of students are divided to form study groups. One of the groups studies in the classroom in which the exam will be administered, while the other group studies in the library. According to the encoding specificity principle, the group that studies in the classroom will _________.

A. perform better on the exam than the group that studies in the library (Tested about the encoding specificity principle on P 273)
B. perform worse on the exam than the group that studies in the library
C. perform approximately the same as the group that studies in the library
D. perform similarly to how they would have performed had they studied in the library
E. perform equally well in learning class material as the group that studies in the library

29. In the class lecture, we learned that the primary cause of forgetting is ______.

A. elaboration
B. interference
C.poor registration
D.poor encoding
E. poor storage

30. Why do people tend to have highly accurate recollections of the central aspects of an emotionally charged event, yet less complete recall of the minor details of the event? This is mostly because ________.

A. emotional arousal takes up space in working memory, limiting its capacity
B. emotionally charged events limit the memory's ability to perform chunking
C. emotional arousal tends to lead to a narrowing of cognitive focus (check P 270)
D.emotional events induce a method of loci system of remembering
E. emotional memory relies on different neural mechanisms.

31. Intelligence can be referred to as _______, and appear to be _______.

A. an individual's ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way .. internal
B. the application of cognitive skills and knowledge in order to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture .. multifaceted
C. the high extreme in the display of an individual's abilities such as creativity, giftedness, and high IQ scores.. genetically determined
D.mental capacities that demonstrate high g-factor and are used to process information but have no specific content.mostly acquired
E.an individual's ability and mental capacities to learn, solve problems and achieve goals in practical situations.. mostly acquired

32. A ten-year-old boy has an MA of twelve. According to Terman's initial method of calculation, his IQ is approximately ___________.
A. 75
B. 100
C. 120
D.133
E. 140

33. Gabriel took a test that resulted in a verbal IQ score, a performance IQ score, and an overall IQ score. Which of the following tests did he take?
A. Stanford-Binet
B. Army Alpha
C. Army Beta
D.WAIS-III
E. Spearmans

34. Samantha has an IQ of 135. Based on this information, one can conclude that she is extremely adept ______________.
A. socially
B. academically
C. kinesthetically
D. linguistically
E. spatially

35. The primary tool employed by the psychometric approach in studying intelligence is ___________.
A. prediction
B. information processing
C. factor analysis
D. cognitive strategy
E. statistical correlation

36. The ______ was developed as a test of intelligence that is independent of the specific culture with which the test-taker is familiar.

· Stanford-Binet

· psychometric approach

· WAIS

· draw-a-man test

· factor analysis

37. Dr. Ray argued that performance is a function of several parameters. Real-world performance partly depends on _______, which is not included in the function for theoretical performance.

· aptitude

· motivation

· training

· experience

· opportunities

38. Lewis Terman studied a group of people with IQ s above 130, dividing them into two groups. He found that the higher success group, compared to the lower success group, was more likely to show each of the following characteristics, except:

· They had read more books when they were young.

· They were more emotionally stable.

· They had a strong drive.

· They had come from more stable home.

· They had a higher level of persistence.

39. If a person takes a performance test twice, his ranking relative to other test-takers vary a lot between the first and the second time. From your perspective, it seems that this test is not very _________.

· stable

· reliable

· comprehensive

· standardized

· precise

40. The best single predictor of creativity is ones __________.

· vocabulary

· sociability

· optimism

· sense of humor

· impulsivity

41. _________ are patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within their culture or subculture.

A. Cultural displays
B. Display rules
C. Societal norms
D. Expressive norms
E. Emotional disclosure

42. ________ is an evaluative response that typically includes some combination of physiological arousal, subjective experience, and behavioral or emotional expression.
A. Reasoning
B. Rationalization
C. Affect (check the definition on P483)
D. Interpretation
E. Arousal

43. Cross-cultural studies have identified six facial expression recognized by people of every culture examined. Which of the following correctly lists these expressions?

A. Happiness, sadness, anger, loathing, lust, and surprise.
B. Happiness, sadness, indifference, fright, surprise, and dislike.
C. Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust.
D. Happiness, sadness, desire, repulsion, fear, and surprise.
E. Happiness, sadness, desire, love, fear, and surprise.

44. In a study, North American and Japanese subjects view a film depicting a painful initiation right. We can expect that the Japanese __________.

A. will show the same amount of revulsion as North American subjects if they view the film with North Americans in the room
B. will show revulsion only if viewing the film with an exclusively Japanese audience
C. will show more revulsion only if viewing the film with an exclusively American audience
D. will invariably show less revulsion than North American subjects, possibly because of the value placed on such rites in Japanese culture
E. will show the same amount of revulsion as North American subjects, as long as they believe that they are not being watched

45. The most important limbic structure for emotion is __________.
A. hippocampus
B. amygdala
C. hypothalamus
D. septal nuclei
E. cingulate gyrus

46. The research of Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer concerning cognitive judgement and emotional experience drew criticism from other researchers on a number of grounds, including the objection that __________________.
A. participants sometimes knew if they were injected with a drug
B. participants were joined by others who were not actual subjects but pretended to be
C. people interpret their physiological arousal according to situational clues
D. even if arousal is pharmacologically inhibited, people can experience emotions (check you book on P500)
E. in their experiments subjects got confused with physiological arousal and emotions.

47. In view of the paper The nature (and fallibility) of memory, which of the following statement is correct?

· Patients with damage to the basal ganglia had great difficulty in remembering things, but can learn new skills without difficulty.

· Working memory is not involved in the short-term, on-line retention of information used during various kinds of cognitive tasks.

· Administration of beta blockers can interfere with the emotional memory system.

· The fallibility of memory is nothing to do with eyewitness identification.

· A and C

48. Psychologists define ___________ as the enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that are expressed in different circumstances.
A. personality
B. temperaments
C. tenets
D. persona
E. traits

49. According to the paper Genes and temperament, a shortcut for unraveling the genetics of psychopathology, please indicate which statement in the following is FALSE.

A. Personality is complex and unique, in which people differ greatly from one anther in multiple components.
B. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is a self-report personality questionnaire, based upon a psychobiological model.
C. Temperament dimensions are relatively stable through life and invariant despite sociocultural influence.
D. Genetic factors have a big influence on personality traits, accounting for more than 70% of the variance.
E. Genetic variations in dopamine receptor gene could contribute to the temperament dimension of novelty seeking.

50. According to the five-factor model of traits, which of the following is not one of the BIG FIVE?

· openness

· agreeableness

· neuroticism

· anxiety

· conscientiousness