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\s1\qc\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel0\rin0\lin0\itap0 \shad\fs44\lang1033\cgrid {\shad0 How Psychologists Learn
\par }\pard\plain \s2\qc\fi-270\li270\nowidctlpar\faauto\outlinelevel1\rin0\lin270\itap0 \shad\fs32\lang1033\cgrid {\shad0 Scientific Methods
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\shad0\fs24 Prometheus
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The Psychology Department at Rice University is sponsoring a Summer Research Internship program in cognitive neuroscience for undergraduates beginning June 9, 2003.  The information can be found at the following website:  http://psych.rice.edu/sicn/
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Naturalistic observations
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Controlled investigations that study cause-effect relations through the manipulation of variables.
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at the experi-menter manipulates to change or influence behavior.
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Dependent variable: What the experimenter measures.
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Effects of television violence on aggressive behavior in children.
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One group of children watches an episode of }{\i\shad0 Xena: Warrior Princess}{\shad0 .
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Another group of children watches an episode of }{\i\shad0 Barney & Friends.}{\shad0 
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Later, children are allowed to play freely; incidents of aggressive behavior are counted.
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Effect of number of bystanders on willingness of someone to seek help.  
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Each participant is placed in a room that gradually starts to fill with smoke.  
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One group of participants placed in room with no other people.
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Another group of participants placed in room with 3 other people.
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Measure the amount of time that passes before the participant seeks help.
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\shad0\fs24 Experimental vs. control groups
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Independent variable must have at least 2 levels
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\shad0\fs24 Confounding variables
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Internal validity
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\shad0\fs24 Random assignment
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Deception
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\shad0\fs24 External validity
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\par +Strongest inferences about cause and effect
\par -Generalizability to individuals or real-world situations may be limited
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If your Social Security Number ends in 0, 1, or 2, you are in Group A.
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If your Social Security Number ends in 3, 4, 5, or 6, you are in Group B.
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If your Social Security Number ends in 7, 8, or 9, you are in Group C.
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\shad0\fs28 What is the independent variable?
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What is the dependent variable?
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How could this experiment be improved?
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Were experimental and control groups used?
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Can you think of any confounding variables?
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Is expectancy likely to affect outcomes?
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\ldblquote real world\rdblquote ?
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Informed Consent
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People must be informed about any factors that may affect their willingness to participate (example).
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ception is allowed only if it is necessary and the scientific value is clear; deception may not cause harm or affect willingness to participate.
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Debriefing
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\shad0\fs28 Why use animals?
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Experimental control (e.g., life span development)
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Only way to study some phenomena (e.g., neurophysiology of learning; neural plasticity)
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\shad0\fs28 Is animal research ethical?
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Is animal research necessary?
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{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\shad0 HYPERLINK "http://www.christopherreeve.org/index.cfm"}{\shad0 {\*\datafield 
00d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b0200000003000000e0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b5400000068007400740070003a002f002f007700770077002e006300680072006900730074006f007000680065007200720065006500760065002e006f00720067002f0069006e006400650078002e00630066006d00
000000}}}{\fldrslt {\shad0\fs20\ul\cf17 Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation}}}{\shad0\fs20 
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Do animals suffer?
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All research with humans and animals must be approved in advance by University review committees (\ldblquote IRB\rdblquote ).
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The major research methods used in psychology are naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, and experiments.
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Each has advantages and disadvantages, but experiments provide the best information about cause-effect relations.
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Psychological research is governed by a strict code of ethics that protects the well-being of human and animal participants.  
\par }}