Psychology 101 C McNamara Fall 00 Exam 2 Name (print) __________________

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Multiple Choice (1 point each) Choose the best answer for each of the following. Mark your answers on the scantron sheet provided. Use a #2 pencil only.

1. An automatic shift of attention toward novel event is called:

1. Habituation
2. desensitization
3. an orienting response
4. conditioned inhibition

2. Three-year-old Benjamin used to say "wadder" when he wanted his parents to get him a drink of water. Now, he is able to say "water" quite clearly. In this instance, Benjamin has made a gain in his use of:

1. telegraphic speech
2. phonology
3. semantics
4. syntax

3. Infants with an avoidant attachment tend to have parents who are:

1. unresponsive and impatient
2. warm and responsive
3. extremely permissive
4. inconsistent in their parenting style

4. An environmental event that elicits an observable reaction without any prior training is called:

1. an unconditioned response
2. a conditioned stimulus
3. a conditioned response
4. an unconditioned stimulus

5. The second through the eighth weeks of a pregnancy are referred to as the:

1. Germinal period
2. Fetal period
3. Critical period
4. Embryonic period

6. Short-term memory:

1. Maintains information in a relatively pure, unanalyzed form
2. Holds analyzed information for brief periods of time
3. Is the system used to maintain information for extended periods of time
4. Has an unlimited storage capacity

7. One piece of evidence that would support the decay theory of memory would be finding that:

1. all memories tend to fade at the same rate
2. some memories fade more quickly than others
3. memories that have been "lost" sometimes reappear in different testing conditions
4. it takes less time to relearn material when it has already been memorized once

8. Mike couldnt remember his new instructors name until someone said, "I think it begins with an Mc." His initial memory failure was clearly an example of:

1. a recency effect
2. repression
3. encoding specificity
4. cue-dependent forgetting

9. The sentence, "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously," is an example of a sentence in English that has:

1. correct phonology but incorrect morphology
2. correct semantics but incorrect syntax
3. correct pragmatics but incorrect phonology
4. correct syntax but incorrect semantics

10. Last year 5-year-old Timmy would say, "No he going," when he was explaining to his younger sister that the dog had to stay at home. Now, Timmy will tell his sister, "Hes not going." This example illustrates that Timmy has made a gain in his use of:

1. syntax
2. phonology
3. semantics
4. pragmatics

11. When material that a person wants to remember is studied using transfer-appropriate processing, the individual uses:

1. a variety of mnemonic devices to facilitate different types of recall
2. visual encoding rather than acoustic or auditory encoding
3. the same type of mental processes that will be required during retrieval
4. acoustic or auditory encoding rather than visual encoding

12. Sperling concluded that poor whole report performance is caused by:

1. The fading of information before all of it can be processed and reported
2. Losing a large amount of the stimulus information before it ever enters iconic memory
3. An inability to retain all the stimulus array due to iconic memorys very limited storage capacity
4. Failure to develop adequate retrieval cues for the information in the array

13. The pattern of maturation within the nervous system would suggest that most newborn infants would be able to control:

1. Their arms better than their feet
2. Their legs better than their arms
3. Their fingers better than their hands
4. Their feet better than their hands

14. Carter is currently 28 years old. He was bitten quite badly by a dog when he was 8 years old. Today even though his parents still sometimes mention this incident, Carter has no memory of ever being bitten. According to Freud, Carter may be:

1. showing signs of proactive interference
2. using repression to push the memory out of his conscious awareness
3. experiencing retrograde amnesia
4. suffering from Korsakoffs syndrome

15. According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis:

1. children and adults share the same deep structure in language, but have different surface structures
2. children and adults share the same surface structure in language, but have different deep structures
3. people who speak different languages will think differently about the world
4. people in all cultures share the same basic thought processes, despite their language differences

16. A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through prior learning is called:

1. a conditioned stimulus
2. a primary reinforcer
3. a contingent reinforcer
4. a conditioned reinforcer

17. According to Erikson the psychosocial crisis of trust versus mistrust occurs:

1. Between the age of 3 and 6
2. Between the age of 6 and 12
3. During the first year of life
4. During the early adult years

18. Von Frischs experiment showed that the honey bee's had a "closed" communication system. In his experiment, Von Frisch found that:

1. the honey bees were not able to communicate about the quality of the nectar, but could communicate about the position
2. the honey bees could only communicate about the amount of nector
3. the honey bees were unable to communicate at all in Von Frischs experiment
4. the honey bees were not able to communicate about the position of the nectar, but could communicate about the quality of the nector

19. Children typically have a firm gender identity and have begun to act in accordance with well-established gender roles:

1. while they are still toddlers (age 1 or 2)
2. during the early preschool years (age 3 or 4)
3. by the time they are in elementary school (age 6 or 7)
4. only once they reach adolescence (during the teen years)

20. If you were to meet someone with Wiernickes aphasia they would most likely exhibit:

1. fluent but nonsensical speech
2. nonfluent, "telegraphic" speech
3. depressed affect
4. average or above average language comprehension skills

21. In part, the law of effects states that:

1. if a response in a particular situation is followed by a pleasant consequence, it will be weakened.
2. pleasant consequences alter behavior while unpleasant consequences have no impact on behavior.
3. if a response in a particular situation is followed by a pleasant consequence, it will be strengthened.
4. unpleasant consequences alter behavior while pleasant consequence have no impact on behavior

22. Instrumental conditioning is important because it is adaptive to:

1. be able to learn about consequences of behavior without direct experience
2. learn to ignore events that are of little-long-term significant
3. learn about the consequences of behavioral responses
4. learn what events in the environment signal

23. The most recent research into the effects of day care on development during the preschool years suggests that preschoolers enrolled in high quality day care programs:

1. tend to have poorer reading and math skills
2. almost always form insecure attachments with their parents
3. are more sociable and popular
4. tend to be more aggressive and show poorer social skills

24. When the word "oar" is changed to the word "soar":

1. the number of phonemes and morphemes are both increased
2. the number of phonemes stays the same, but the number of morphemes is increased
3. the number of phonemes is decreased, but the number of morphemes is increased
4. the number of phonemes increases, but the number of morphemes stays the same

25. According to Thomas and Chess, children with difficult temperaments:

1. become upset very easily and have a hard time accepting new experiences
2. tend to pull away from contact with their parents or caregivers
3. are generally happy, but may show high levels of distress in new or unfamiliar situations
4. are typically happy, and readily establish daily routines

26. Mary threw the ball. The ball was thrown by Mary. These sentences have the same:

1. deep structure
2. surface structure
3. phonemes
4. pragmatics

27. Several experiments on the communication abilities of dolphins have shown that they can be taught quite complex sequences of commands. In one experiment dolphins were trained to swim through hexagonal hoops on command. Later they were given the command to swim through a hoop but only round hoops were in the pool. It was found that the dolphins had no difficulty swimming through the round hoops even though they had never seen them before. This experiment demonstrated that dolphins have good:

1. creativity
2. implicit memory
3. linguistic relativity
4. semantic generalization

28. Julius only classifies an animal as a bird if it sings, flies, and builds a nest. He considers these necessary features that all birds must have. In this case, Julius categorization method uses:

1. family resemblance
2. prototypes
3. defining features
4. exemplars

29. Harlows studies with baby rhesus monkeys suggest that attachment behavior:

1. is adaptive because it helps to ensure infants will receive sufficient nourishment to survive
2. is adaptive because it helps promote better peer relations
3. is adaptive because it helps to ensure infants will receive comfort and protection form harm
4. has no impact on survival or subsequent social adjustment

30. According to Mary Ainsworth, a child who shows concern when the mother leaves, but who calms down rapidly when she returns, is displaying:

1. a resistant attachment
2. a secure attachment
3. an avoidant attachment
4. no attachment

31. When Chris sprained his ankle in a backyard softball game, his girlfriend grabbed a bag of frozen corn from the freezer to wrap around his ankle until they got him to the local clinic. In this case, Chris girlfriend:

1. showed high levels of functional fixedness
2. was able to overcome functional fixedness
3. demonstrated effective use of the availability heuristic
4. relied on anchoring and adjustment

32. In Luchinss water jug experiment subjects were asked to measure out several different amounts of water. Luchins found that subjects had great difficulty when presented with a problem that required them to change a repeatedly used problem-solving strategy. This finding is thought to be a result of:

1. set effects
2. functional fixedness
3. cultural blocks
4. creativity

33. Gilbert wears a raincoat if the forecast calls for a 40% chance of rain, but he doesn't wear it if the forecast states there is a 60% chance that it wont rain. Gilbert's behavior illustrates the importance of:

1. the availability heuristic
2. expected value
3. framing
4. mental set

34. Chess masters could recreate legal chessboard positions more accurately than chess novices because:

1. Chess masters were older, and that gave them a larger memory capacity
2. Chess masters could code the pieces into meaningful groups to increase capacity
3. Chess masters could name the individual pieces faster, improving memory capacity
4. Chess masters were more intelligent, and that gave them better memories

35. Elizabeth wants to train her cat to drool at the sound of the telephone, so she plans to pair the sound of the ringing telephone with a tasty piece of tuna. To use classical conditioning most effectively, Elizabeth should present the tuna:

1. approximately five minutes after the telephone rings
2. a few seconds before the telephone rings
3. at the same time as the telephone is ringing
4. a few seconds after the telephone rings

36. When Ann Marie was three years old, she fell off her red tricycle and scraped her knees quite badly. Today Ann Marie is afraid to ride red tricycles, but not blue or green tricycles. Ann Maries fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of:

1. stimulus generation
2. stimulus discrimination
3. aversive conditioning
4. conditioned inhibtion

37. The return of a conditioned response that had been extinguished after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus is called:

1. spontaneous recovery
2. extinction
3. conditioned inhibition
4. second-order conditioning

38. Amad is outside one summer evening watching fire flies. As he watches, he finds that it almost appears as if the insects are spelling out letters as they fly. The fire fly "trails" that Amad sees are one example of :

1. Flashbulb memories
2. Short-term memory
3. Episodic memory
4. Iconic memory

39. When Lydia got her new dog, she would pet the dog and give him treats for staying close during walks. Now Lydias dog stays right at her side all the time, even when he is not on a leash. In this case:

1. petting and treats are negative reinforcers for staying close
2. staying close is a negative reinforcer for petting and treats
3. petting and treats are positive reinforcers for staying close
4. staying close is a positive reinforcer for petting and treats

40. When Peter was three years old, he was clawed by the neighbors cat. Today Peter is afraid of all small animals, including rabbits and puppies, Peters fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of:

1. stimulus discrimination
2. second-order conditioning
3. long-term sensitization
4. stimulus generalization

41. Robin sells cars at an auto dealership, and she earns a commission every time she sells a certain number of cars, but she never knows how many she needs to sell to get a commission; only her boss knows. Robin is working on:

1. a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement
2. a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement
3. a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement
4. a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement

42. Ian liked to stay out late with his friends and party, but the last time he stayed out past curfew he lost his car privileges for a month. Now he is very careful to make sure he doesnt stay out later that his curfew. In this case:

1. losing his car privileges acted as a positive punisher for staying out past curfew
2. losing his car privileges acted as a negative reinforcer for staying out past curfew
3. staying out past curfew acted as a negative punisher for losing his car privileges
4. losing his car privileges acted as a negative punisher for staying out past curfew

43. When asked how they taught their children to be so polite, Dee and Sam replied: "We make sure we are polite to everyone, especially when the children are around." Dee and Sam are using:

1. positive reinforcement to teach politeness
2. classical conditioning to teach politeness
3. second-order conditioning to teach politeness
4. observational learning to teach politeness

44. When people make mistakes in recalling a short list of random letters from memory, researchers have found that the mistakes typically involve:

1. Look-alike errors, substituting letters that may look the same but sound different
2. Sound-alike errors, substituting letters that may sound the same but look different
3. Random errors, substituting letters that are not similar to those on the original list
4. Sequencing errors, recalling the correct letters in the incorrect order

45. Arabic digits (1 through 10) have longer names than English digits, and therefore take longer to say aloud. Consequently, compared to English speakers, people who speak Arabic remember:

1. More digits over the short-term
2. Fewer digits over the short-term
3. The same number of digits, but for sorter periods of time
4. More of the information in sensory memory

46. Based on Charles Spearmans two-factor model of intelligence, individuals who:

1. Excel in one academic area are likely to perform poorly in other academic areas
2. Excel in academics early are likely to "burn out" when they are older
3. Excel in one academic area are likely to excel in most academic areas
4. Excel in academics are also likely to be gifted athletes and musicians

47. Jennie has just attained a fairly high score in a test designed to measure her numerical ability. Based on Thurstones theory of seven primary abilities, when Jennie takes a test designed to measure her spatial ability, you can expect:

1. She will attain a high score on that test as well.
2. She will attain a much lower score on that test
3. Her score on the spatial test may be independent of her numerical ability test score.
4. She will attain an even higher score on the second test.

48. According to Vygotsky, intellectual development involves internalization. Children recreate within themselves what they experience in the social interactions. If you want little Kes to learn the concept of "Bronze Age", the best way will be:

1. Let her read the definition of Bronze Age.
2. Let her watch a movie about the Bronze Age.
3. Take her to the museum, and explain it to her in her words.
4. Let her play The Age of Empires.

49. Jarod wants to use his roommates computer to work on his term paper. However, the roommate has password protection on his screen saver. Rather than starting at "a" and systematically testing every possible word in the English language, Jarod makes some educated guesses, based on words he thinks are especially meaningful to his roommate. In this case, Jarod is using:

1. an algorithm to get past the password protection
2. a homily to get past the password protection
3. a heuristic to get past the password protection
4. an axiom to get past the password protection

50. If Westerners are to categorize "fish, water, bird, tree", they will typically group "fish" with "bird" and group "water" with "tree"; but people from the Kpelle Tribe will probably group "fish" with "water" and group "bird" with "tree." This shows that:

1. We have higher intelligence than people from the Kpelle Tribe.
2. People from the Kpelle Tribe have higher intelligence than we do.
3. Categorization is not a good measure for intelligence.
4. Intelligence is context or culture dependent.

51. During the in-class video with Alan Alda (from M*A*S*H*) researchers demonstrated an important principle about false memories by asking Alan to attend to the number of times 2 confederates stood up and down during a picnic. Researchers found that when he was asked later to remember if items were present in the scene:

1. Alan was only able to attend to how many times the subjects stood up
2. Alan remembered seeing some items that were not actually present
3. Alan made no mistakes
4. Alan overestimated the amount of times that the confederates stood up

52. Hank can quickly size up a situation and turn it to his advantage, making him a very successful businessman. In terms of the triarchic theory of intelligence, Hank is high in:

1. Practical intelligence
2. Analytical intelligence
3. Creative intelligence
4. Emotional intelligence

53. In E. Spelkes experiment, she presented young children movies--a mom playing "peek a boo" or a hand holding a stick striking a block--in which the sound track either matched or mismatched the visual film. She found that children as young as 4-months watched the matching film longer. This indicates that:

1. 4-month-olds can follow story lines of movies.
2. 4-month olds can process visual and auditory information.
3. 4-month olds can integrate visual and auditory information.
4. 4-month olds prefer movies with people to movies without people.

54. Bobs friend asks how well Bob gets along with his younger brother. Bob thinks about how irritating his brother was yesterday, and the big fight they had as a result, and tells his friend that he doesnt get along with his brother at all. In this instance, Bobs response is consistent with:

1. a framing effect
2. functional fixedness
3. the representativeness heuristic
4. the availability heuristic

55. A few seconds before your new clock radio sounds its alarm, it makes a tiny click. Youve recently noticed that you wake up right after the click and before the alarm, even though you previously never woke up to anything but the alarm itself. The click is acting as:

1. a conditioned stimulus
2. an unconditioned stimulus
3. a positive reinforcer
4. a blocking stimulus

56. In operant conditioning, the process of delivering reinforcement of successive approximations to a desired behavior is called:

1. shaping
2. partial reinforcement
3. modeling
4. classical conditioning

57. Mr. and Mrs. Matthews are excited because 2-year-old Lauren just completed the Toddler Test of Academic Potential (TTAP), and the results indicate that her current IQ is over 150. They want to start a college savings fund right away to ensure Lauren will be able to attend one of the top private universities. You should tell Mr. and Mrs. Matthews that:

1. Before the age of 3 or 4, it is difficult to get an accurate assessment of intellectual ability
2. Laurens IQ will probably not stabilize until she is at least 14 or 15, so she will need to be tested again, once she is in high school
3. Typically IQ scores from toddlerhood actually increase, so Laurens actual IQ is probably closer to 200
4. Typically IQ scores from toddlerhood decreases by at least half, so Laurens actual IQ is probably closer to 75.

58. In Garcias taste aversion experiments, he found that rats were able to make the association between funny tasting water and sickness much better than they could make the association between either light or shock with sickness. This result was taken to demonstrate the principle that:

1. rats dont like funny tasting water
2. rats are predisposed to make some associations easier than others
3. rats can learn schemas to cope with aversive stimuli
4. rats are more influenced by the environment than by genetics

59. The fact that the correlation in IQ scores between monozygotic twins reared apart is higher than between dizygotic twins reared together suggests that intellectual development:

1. is influenced more by environmental factors than by genetics
2. is influenced more by genetics than by environmental factors
3. is affected equally by genetics and environmental factors
4. is not affected by either genetics or environmental factors

60. As part of your Psych. 101 requirement you participate in an experiment that asks you to study a list of words. Later you are given a larger list of words containing the same ones you saw before, as well as several new items. The second time, however, the words are inc_mplete with several blank spaces. After finishing the experiment you discover that the researchers were expecting you to identify the incomplete words faster when you had already seen them in the first list. You are happy when you remember from class that this is a test of:

1. implicit memory
2. explicit memory
3. semantic memory
4. flash-bulb memory

61. Alicia is very good at complicated math problems. But on exams her teacher often finds that she is still reading the question when most of her classmates have started working on it. How would you explain this observation to her teacher:

1. Higher intelligence is usually associated with faster execution of performance processes
2. Higher intelligence is usually associated with slower execution of performance processes
3. More intelligent people spend more time on planning processes
4. More intelligent people spend less time on planning processes

62. Imagine that an infant is shown a blue-colored card over and over, until the infant stops watching the card. If the color of the card is now changed to green, and the infant starts watching again, researchers can infer that the infant:

1. Is able to perceive the difference between the two cards
2. Cannot perceive the difference between the two cards
3. Prefers the green card to the blue card
4. Prefers the blue card to the green card

63. Sylvia is playing with a small stuffed dog when it falls and rolls under her crib. She does not seem particularly distressed, and she does not search for the lost toy. This would suggest that Sylvia:

1. Does not yet understand reversibility.
2. Does not yet understand conservation.
3. Has not yet mastered object permanence
4. Has not yet mastered sensory integration.

64. Loftus and Palmer were investigating the reconstructive nature of human memory. They showed a video clip of a traffic accident and asked participants in their experiment to estimate how fast the cars had been traveling. For some participants, the question contained the phrase "smashed into," and for others, the question contained the phrase "contacted." Loftus and Palmer found that the participants who heard the phrase "smashed into":

1. believed that the drivers of both vehicles were intoxicated
2. recalled a higher speed accident
3. reported the details of the accident with greater accuracy
4. omitted most of the details of events right after the accident occurred

Completion (1 point for each blank). Complete each of the following statements with the appropriate answer(s). Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1. When a new stimulus produces a response similar to the one established conditioned stimulus, stimulus generalization has occurred.
2. In one study a dog was trained to salivate to the sound of a bell that had been struck just before food was delivered. In this example, salivation to the sound of the bell is called as conditioned response .
3. ____Means-ends______analysis is a type of problem solving in which actions are taken to reduce the distance between the current state and the goal.
4. An important characteristic of children in Piagets __________ preoperational stage is that they cant understand conservation and reversibility.
5. As we discussed in class, studies on the now-famous subject "H.M." have revealed that damage to the hippocampus effects ____explicit______ but not _________implicit_______ memory.
6. ___False memories____ are types of memories that are often thought to be the result of heuristics used to reconstruct a past event.
7. For solving some well-defined problems you can use ______algorithms______, which are step-by-step rules or procedures that guarantee a solution.
8. Eight-year old Charlotte thought all nurses were young women until a middle-aged male nurse took her temperature and pulse in the hospital. The change in Charlottes concept of nurses illustrates the process that Piaget referred to as __________. Accommodation
9. Language researchers use the term _____pragmatics_______ to describe how practical knowledge can be used both to comprehend the intentions of speakers and to produce an effective response.
10. If a test produces similar results for similar individuals, or similar results for the same individual tested on different occasions, the test is said to be __________ reliable; if a test measures what it is supposed to measure, its said to be __________.valid
11. According to Raymond Cattell, __________ crystallized intelligence refers to acquired knowledge and ability.
12. The ______Sapir-Whorf OR linguistic relativity____ hypothesis proposes that language determines thought.

Please complete the following chart: