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Multiple Choice (1 point each) Choose the best answer for each of the
following. Mark your answers on the scantron sheet provided. Use a #2 pencil
only.
1. An individual who solves problems by analogy would likely be in Piaget's
a. sensorimotor period of development.2. Means-ends analysis, working backward, and searching for analogies are all different types of
b. formal operational stage of development.
c. preoperational stage of development.
d. concrete operational stage of development.
a. problem-solving algorithms.3. Will tells his mother that he is old enough to get a fish for a pet because he is sure he'll remember to feed it every day. Will killed off three fish last month because he forgot to feed them. Will may be
b. problem-solving exemplars.
c. problem-solving heuristics.
d. decision making.
a. experiencing difficulty with object permanance.4. Jim has locked himself out of his car. Although his ultimate goal is to get into his car, Jim decides he first needs to find his spare set of keys. This is an example of
b. at an early stage of memory encoding development.
c. overestimating his metamemory.
d. suffering from hippocampal damage.
a. searching for analogies.5. Counselor Troi is from the planet Beta-Z. Betazoids are empaths who have the ability to easily infer other people's moods, temperaments, emotions and intentions. According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Counselor Troi should score high in
b. availability heuristic.
c. means-end analysis.
d. anchoring and adjustment.
a. intrapersonal intelligence.6. In the words "running," "jumping," and "eating," the "ing" ending is an example of
b. spatial intelligence.
c. interpersonal intelligence.
d. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.
a. a morpheme.7. Night terrors are
b. a phoneme.
c. semantic regularization.
d. syntax.
a. frightening and anxiety-arousing dreams that occur primarily during the REM stage of sleep.8. Joe recently suffered from a stroke that caused some amount of brain damage. Subsequently, he has been diagnosed with Wernicke's aphasia. Given what you know about this type of aphasia you expect that Joe
b. terrifying experiences that cause panic and sudden awakening from non-REM sleep.
c. the same as nightmares, but they occur in the elderly.
d. sleep disturbances that cause breathing to stop momentarily several times during the night.
a. is capable of producing fluent, but nonsensical speech.9. Consciousness refers to
b. has very poor ability to produce speech.
c. has difficulty finding words to express ideas.
d. recognizes that he has a speech problem.
a. the internal processes that people use to set priorities for mental functioning.10. Kalyca is trying to remember the names of the twelve cranial nerves for her anatomy exam. She read the names through six times, and then tested herself on how well she could recall them. Based on research studies that have shown memory failures for lists of material often follow a pattern called a serial position curve, you should predict that Kalyca will remember the names of the nerves
b. the effortless background processing of environmental stimuli.
c. schematic reorganization of mental structures.
d. the subjective awareness of internal and external events.
a. at the beginning of the list better than the names in the middle or at the end.11. Barclay was in a car accident and the doctors detected some damage to his right parietal lobe. Since the accident Barclay only shaves one side of his face. Based on his injuries and his behavior, you might conclude that Barclay has
b. at the end of the list better than the names at the beginning or in the middle.
c. in the middle of the list better than the names at the beginning or at the end.
d. at the beginning and the end of the list better than the names in the middle.
a. attention deficit disorder.12. Matthew used to like strawberries and tried some frozen strawberry daiquiris one night. After the sixth daiquiri, Matthew became extremely ill. Now Matthew finds that even the smell of strawberries can make him feel nauseous. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is
b. Munchausen by proxy.
c. visual neglect.
d. visual agnosia.
a. the illness that followed the sixth strawberry daiquiri.13. The best description of the 24-hour circadian rhythm in humans is that the 24-hour cycle is
b. the strawberry daiquiris that Matthew consumed.
c. the smell of strawberries.
d. the nausea that Matthew feels when he smells strawberries.
a. generated in the body but synchronizes to environmental feedback.
b. completely biological and is unaffected by the environment.
c. completely determined by the environment.
d. more pronounced in infants than in adults.
14. When Simon was fixing his doorbell last month he received an
electric shock. Now he does less electrical work around the house. In this
case, the electric shock was
a. a negative punisher for working on electric fixtures.15. The individual whose name is most clearly linked with the concept of "g", or general intelligence, is
b. a positive reinforcer for working on electric fixtures.
c. a positive punisher for working on electric fixtures.
d. a negative reinforcer for working on electric fixtures.
a. Howard Gardner.16. Three-year-old Molly used to say "wadder" when she wanted her parents to get her a drink of water. Now, she is able to say "water" quite clearly. In this instance Molly has made a gain in her use of
b. Charles Spearman.
c. Robert Sternberg.
d. Alfred Binet.
a. telegraphic speech.
b. phonology.
c. semantics.
d. syntax.
17. Modern tests of intelligence calculate IQ as a deviation score.
When this method of reporting is used 96% of all individuals have an IQ
that is
a. between 85 and 115.18. Observational learning is important because it is adaptive to
b. greater than 70.
c. between 70 and 130.
d. greater than 130.
a. be able to learn about consequences of behavior without direct experience.19. During the sensorimotor period
b. learn to ignore events that are of little long-term significance.
c. shift our attention quickly to sudden changes in the environment.
d. react more intensely after repeated exposure to the same event.
a. object permanence develops.20. Habituation is useful because it is adaptive to
b. children show evidence of centration when solving problems.
c. the principle of conservation is mastered.
d. abstract reasoning skills emerge.
a. react quickly to sudden changes in the environment.21. One piece of evidence that suggests the restoration or repair theory of sleep may not fully explain why we sleep is the finding that
b. learn what events in the environment signal.
c. learn about the consequences of behavioral responses.
d. learn to ignore events that are of little long-term significance.
a. people show more REM-sleep after an inactive day than after an active day.22. In one popular science fiction movie the Jedi master uses sentences such as "When 900 years old you are, look so good you will not." When he speaks in this way the Jedi master is able to convey meaning, but his sentences do not
b. people sleep 20% longer after an active day than after an inactive day.
c. people show the same pattern of sleep after inactive days and active days.
d. people show less sleep disturbance in normal day-light cycles than in conditions of constant light.
a. use typical English semantics.23. A sales representative from an investment company is trying to convince a young couple to invest in a mutual fund. He will probably be most successful if he
b. use common English morphemes.
c. follow normal English syntax.
d. contain a surface structure.
a. stresses that the fund has only lost money in 1 of the past 10 years.24. Imagine that an infant is shown a blue-colored card over and over, until the infant stops watching the card. If the color of the card is now changed to green, and the infant starts watching again, researchers can infer that the infant
b. describes governmental protection for people who invest money in mutual funds.
c. stresses that the fund has had solid returns in 9 of the past 10 years.
d. leaves a detailed prospectus and asks the couple to call him when they have decided.
a. can perceive the difference between the two cards.25. Marcel runs a carpet cleaning business and he asks his clients to pay for each square foot of carpet that is cleaned, rather than paying an hourly rate for having their carpets done. In this example, Marcel is working on
b. is not able to perceive the difference between the two cards.
c. prefers the green card to the blue card.
d. prefers the blue card to the green card.
a. a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
b. a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.
c. a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement.
d. a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.
26. Tammy took part in an experiment where she wore a special set
of headphones that played different messages to each ear. The researchers
asked her to repeat the message in her left ear. The message presented
to her left ear was: "Following weeks of escalating prices, the picnic
had to be canceled." The message presented to her right ear was: "After
the rain started to fall, the stock market took a downturn." Based on the
results of dichotic listening studies, it is likely that Tammy will say:
a. "Following weeks of escalating prices, the stock market took a downturn."27. As children's language skills develop their rate of rehearsal improves, and their ability to hold information in short-term memory improves. This finding supports the conclusion that
b. "Following weeks of escalating prices, the picnic had to be canceled."
c. "Following weeks of rain the stock market downturn had to be canceled."
d. "Following weeks of escalating prices, the rain started to fall."
a. short-term memory can only retain between 5 and 9 pieces of information.28. A mother abstained from alcohol early in her pregnancy, but for the last six weeks of the pregnancy she was drinking heavily. It is most likely that her baby
b. intelligence can be improved by changing environmental factors in childhood.
c. information in short-term memory is normally encoded visually.
d. short-term memory is limited to the amount of material that can be internally rehearsed in about 2 seconds.
a. will be unaffected, because her drinking occurred so late in the pregnancy.29. The LANA studies, in which chimpanzees were taught to use an artificial language, found all of the following EXCEPT
b. will have no physical deformities, but have an increased risk of mental retardation.
c. will have noticeable physical deformities, and an increased risk of mental retardation.
d. will have noticeable physical deformities, but no risk of mental retardation.
a. chimps are able to learn an artificial language30. You are reading the ads in "Intrude and Tell" as you are waiting in the checkout line at the local grocery store when you notice an advertisement for subliminal tapes that claim they will increase your intelligence score by 50 points in just 7 days. Based on the research into the effectiveness of subliminal advertising, you should
b. chimps are able to use old concepts in new situations
c. chimps are able to fully understand syntax
d. chimps are able to communicate with humans using an artificial language
a. buy the magazine and send in your $80 because the evidence suggests that subliminal messages have a significant impact.31. Amad is outside one summer evening playing with a sparkler. As he watches he finds that if he waves the sparkler around, he can draw shapes in the air. The "shapes" that Amad sees are one example of
b. warn your friends because the evidence suggests these tapes are often covers for people who recruit individuals for cults.
c. buy the magazine, realizing that your intelligence score will actually only increase by 25 points, and it will probably take closer to 21 days.
d. put the magazine down and pay for your groceries because the evidence suggests subliminal messages have a minimal impact.
a. iconic memory.32. In operant conditioning, shaping involves
b. flashbulb memories.
c. short-term memory.
d. episodic memory.
a. positively reinforcing desired responses and negatively reinforcing undesired responses.33. Keno was doing great in his driver's license road test until he started thinking about where he'd go on his first night out with the car. While making his plans he scraped the curb and almost lost control, showing that
b. demonstrating a response and then reinforcing the behavior when it occurs.
c. reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior.
d. switching to classical conditioning once a behavior is established.
a. Keno's driving has not yet reaching automaticity.34. In order for classical conditioning to be most effective, all of the following must be true EXCEPT:
b. Keno probably has visual neglect.
c. Kenos' thinking is an automatic process.
d. the cocktail party effect also relates to driving.
a. the conditioned stimulus must precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time.35. Geordi is extremely talented in Math and Science and he has received a number of scholarships based on his abilities in these areas. However, Geordi just can't seem to catch on in his English classes, no matter how many he takes. He is repeating his remedial English class for the third time, and still struggling. The theory of intelligence that would have the most difficulty explaining Geordi's different levels of performance is
b. the conditioned stimulus must have biological significance to the organism.
c. the conditioned stimulus must occur before the unconditioned stimulus.
d. the unconditioned stimulus must not occur frequently in the absence of the conditioned stimulus.
a. Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities.36. Cliff has four errands to remember on the way home from school. To help him remember what it is he is supposed to do, he forms a visual image of each errand that is linked to a specific location in his apartment. When Cliff gets in his car after school he visualizes a walk through his apartment to remind him of the four errands. This memory strategy is an example of the mnemonic device known as
b. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
c. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence.
d. Spearman's theory of general intelligence.
a. the peg-word system.37. Studies examining the outcomes of children who participated in Head Start programs indicated that
b. paired associate learning.
c. chunking.
d. the method of loci.
a. preschoolers are too young to benefit from educational programs.38. Worf loves to go for an aerobic work out every day after he is finished work because he finds that the vigorous exercise eliminates any stress he is feeling. In this case,
b. intelligence can be improved by changes in the environment.
c. the reaction range approach to intelligence is misleading.
d. neurobiological manipulations in preschoolers are an effective way of improving intelligence.
a. eliminating stress acts a positive reinforcer for a vigorous workout.39. Wesley is playing with his mother and she hides his ball behind her back. Wesley quickly loses interest in the game, and makes no attempt to look for the ball. This suggests that Wesley has not yet developed
b. eliminating stress acts a negative reinforcer for a vigorous workout.
c. a vigorous workout acts a positive reinforcer for eliminating stress.
d. a vigorous workout acts a negative reinforcer for eliminating stress.
a. an understanding of object permanence.40. Little Albert was conditioned to fear white rats when the appearance of the white rat was always followed by a loud noise. When Little Albert saw a rabbit for the first time he showed a similar fear response. This example illustrates the classical conditioning process of
b. a strong attachment to his mother.
c. the ability to assimilate new experiences.
d. sensorimotor patterns of responding.
a. stimulus discrimination.41. A new childhood development test, the Tribble Revised Educational Key, involves presenting a child with puzzles of increasing difficulty. When the child cannot solve the puzzle, a graded series of hints are given until the child can successfully give the correct answer. This would be an example of
b. stimulus generalization.
c. aversive conditioning.
d. conditioned inhibition.
a. a static assessment environment42. Uhura is not sure that she is ready for her final exam, but once she starts the exam she finds that she is able to accurately recall the material that she learned in class that relates to each of the questions. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Uhura can access and utilize the information in her memory is
b. a dynamic assessment environment
c. an ego-inclusive assessment environment
d. an ego-exclusive assessment environment
a. encoding.43. Quark can quickly size up a situation and turn it to his advantage, making him a very successful business man. In terms of the triarchic theory of intelligence, Quark is high in
b. rehearsal.
c. retrieval.
d. acquisition.
a. practical intelligence.44. Spencer witnessed an automobile accident. After the accident one of the bystanders casually mentioned that the driver was probably intoxicated. Even though the driver had not been drinking, and had never crossed the center line, when Spencer is describing the accident to the police he states that the car had been "weaving all over the road" just before the accident. Spencer's faulty recall illustrates
b. analytical intelligence.
c. creative intelligence.
d. intrapersonal intelligence.
a. the effect of implicit memory.45. Damian has been taking keyboarding classes for the past 6 months. He just completed a test designed to assess his current speed and accuracy. The test indicated he can input 65 words per minute with 95% accuracy. In this case, the test that Damian completed would be classified as
b. proactive interference.
c. the reconstructive nature of memory.
d. state-dependent memory.
a. an aptitude test.46. Scotty developed a fear of thunderstorms two summers ago when a small tornado touched down just two blocks from where he lived. As the summer progressed, and no further tornadoes appeared with any thunderstorms, Scotty found his fear had pretty well disappeared. To his surprise, this summer when the skies started to darken with the first thunderstorm of the year, he found his heart was pounding and he was trembling. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as
b. an achievement test.
c. a standardized test.
d. a multiphasic test.
a. extinction.47. Physiological measurements during hypnosis
b. conditioned inhibition.
c. avoidance conditioning.
d. spontaneous recovery.
a. are most similar to those of a deep sleep.48. You are watching a rat in a Skinner box, and every time a red light comes on the rat presses the bar in the cage. However, when a green light comes on the rat never presses the bar. In this case, it appears that the color of the light is acting as
b. show brain wave patterns unique to hypnosis.
c. show neurotransmitter activity patterns unique to hypnosis.
d. are most similar to those of a state of relaxation.
a. a positive reinforcer for bar pressing.49. Most arguments against the validity of IQ scores make the case that
b. a negative reinforcer for bar pressing.
c. an unconditioned stimulus for bar pressing.
d. a discriminative stimulus for bar pressing.
a. the scores fail to adequately predict school performance.50. The memory system that holds information for the shortest periods of time is
b. the scores fail to provide a broad index of intelligence.
c. the tests have been improperly standardized.
d. the scores on the tests are unpredictable and unstable across repeated testings.
a. short-term memory.51. According to Piaget, assimilation occurs when
b. sensory memory.
c. long-term memory.
d. flashbulb memory.
a. existing schemata are changed or modified to make sense of new experiences.52. Eleanor Rosch found that the Dani people, who have only two words for the names of colors, were still able to perceive and remember colors that lacked Dani color names. This research finding suggests that
b. children first recognize that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen.
c. children fail to center on a single aspect of a problem.
d. new experiences are incorporated into existing schemata.
e. resistance is futile.
a. the linguistic relativity hypothesis provides an accurate description of the link between thought and language.53. The fact that the correlation in IQ scores between identical twins reared together is higher than that between fraternal twins reared together suggests
b. the linguistic relativity hypothesis does not accurately reflect the link between thought and language.
c. the prototype theory of language development accurately describes the link between language and behavior.
d. the prototype theory of language development does not accurately describe the link between language and behavior.
a. environmental factors have no impact on intellectual development.54. Dr. McNamara needed a vacation at the end of the semester, so he flew to British Columbia to fish for steelhead on the Skeena River. When he got back, his friends asked him how he did. Dr. McNamara immediately remembered the 15-lb fish he landed on the first day and the 21-lb fish he caught on the last day, but he failed to recall the four cold rainy days when he didn't even see a fish. He told his friends that he caught a lot of fish and had a great trip. Dr. McNamara was a victim of
b. genetic factors have no impact on intellectual development.
c. identical twins often do not have the same genotype.
d. genetic factors have an influence on intellectual development.
a. selective attention.55. The presentation pattern when repetitions of to-be-remembered information are presented with no breaks is referred to as
b. availability.
c. representativeness.
d. false advertising by the Canadian government.
a. massed practice.56. Researchers, such as Buell & Coleman, who have autopsied brains from individuals of various ages, have found that when older brains and younger brains are compared the dendrites in the elderly brains
b. distributed practice.
c. the serial position curve.
d. chunking.
a. are significantly shorter and less complex.57. Dallis is visiting Canada and when she listens to the daily weather forecasts she has to figure out what the temperature will be in Fahrenheit, rather than Celsius. She doesn't need to know exactly, she just needs a rough idea so she can dress appropriately. Rather than going through the complex conversion calculation she learned in school, she simply doubles the temperature that is reported, and adds 30. In this case, Dallis is using
b. are no different than the dendrites in younger brains.
c. are significantly longer and more complex.
d. are significantly longer but far less complex, with fewer branches.
a. a heuristic to estimate the daily temperature.58. You dreamed about riding a train into a tunnel. According to the activation-synthesis view, your dream is
b. an algorithm to estimate the daily temperature.
c. a homily to estimate the daily temperature.
d. an axiom to estimate the daily temperature.
a. really about your need to fulfill an unacceptable sexual desire.59. When Greer has to work through a problem she seldom shows creativity and she tends to think of objects and their potential uses in very typical ways. Greer would tend to
b. an attempt by your mind to solve a problem that arose during the last few days.
c. an indication of a serious psychological disorder that should be treated.
d. your brain's interpretation of the random neural activity generated during sleep.
a. show belief perseverance in her problem-solving.60. The triarchic theory of intelligence suggests that
b. use the availability heuristic in her problem-solving.
c. show functional fixedness in her problem-solving.
d. rely on representativeness in her problem-solving.
a. intelligence is a mental capacity that can be measured by analyzing performance on mental tests.61. Claude remembered his new computer password by noting that the first letter was the same as his middle initial, the second two letters matched the postal abbreviation for his home state, and the last two letters were the first two letters of his grandmother's maiden name. Creating connections of this type when storing information in long-term memory is an example of
b. any complete conceptualization of intelligence must address behavior that occurs outside laboratory settings.
c. intelligence needs to be understood by analyzing internal mental processes.
d. traditional conceptions of intelligence need to be broadened to include special abilities or talents.
a. the serial position effect.62. Akon and Eda were enrolled in different sections of the same English course. When Akon was taking his final exam in the course there was some construction going on outside the room where the exam was held. It was noisy and Akon found it difficult to concentrate. Eda wrote her final in the evening, and the building was quiet, with no distractions. In this example, the administration of the English final
b. transfer-appropriate processing.
c. elaboration.
d. reconstruction.
a. did not have high test-retest reliability.63. Guinan decides if an animal is a fish by comparing it to all the previous fish she has seen. In this case Guinan's categorization method uses the
b. did not have construct validity.
c. was not standardized across the course sections.
d. would have high predictive validity.
a. prototype method.64. In the dolphin language-learning studies, the dolphins readily learned that a square hoop and an octagonal hoop were both hoops. This feat demonstrates
b. defining features method.
c. family resemblance method.
d. exemplar method.
a. lexical novelty65. Von Frisch (as discussed in class) demonstrated that honey bees could not communicate distance in the vertical direction. This failure shows that the communication system of bees is not
b. semantic generalization
c. object permanence
d. creativity
a. "dynamic."Completion (1 point each blank) Complete each of the following statements with the appropriate answer(s). Write your answers in the spaces provided.
b. "timeless."
c. "specialized."
d. "symbolic."
64. In part, the law of effect states that if a response in a particular situation is followed by a satisfying outcome the response will be ___strengthened______.
65. __Psychometric___ theories of intelligence rely on individual differences and correlations between ability tests to identify intellectual abilities.
66. When a ___variable interval___ schedule of reinforcement is in place a response will only be reinforced after an unpredictable period of time has elapsed.
67. __Avoidance___conditioning is a type of learning in which an animal or person learns that a response will prevent some type of unpleasant event or stimulus.
68. ___Vygotsky____ developed the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development.
69. Research done by Godden and Baddley has shown that subjects recall material better when the ___learning_____environment and the __testing environment are the same.
70. Biological cycles such as digestion that happen more than once a day are called ___ultradian_____ cycles.
71. The mental representation of a category is called a ___concept_______. (credit given for prototype, 1/2 pt for exemplar)
72. An observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited without any prior training is called an ___unconditioned response_______.
73. Freud hypothesized that the purpose of dreams is __wish fulfillment_____.
74. Physically based amnesia that involves memory loss for events that happened prior to the time of the injury is called ____retrograde__ amnesia.
75. Studies of mental processes have found that higher intelligence is associated with spending less time on ____performance____ processes and more time on ___planning processes.
76. The loss of responding that results from the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus without an unconditioned stimulus is called __extinction___.
77. A ten-year-old child would likely be in Piaget's _concrete operational__ stage.
78. Step-by-step rules or procedures that guarantee a solution will be found for a problem are called ___algorithms .
79. According to the Modal Model of Memory diagrammed in class, the three main types of memory are:
__sensory memory____
___short-term memory
___long-term memory