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[65 total multiple choice: 1 point each]                                <90 total points for exam>

1.Cross-cultural studies designed to evaluate various aspects of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development have found:

a. children across the world develop cognitively in similar ways, but significant cultural differences occur in 
    the rate of development
b.  the rate of cognitive development is similar for all children, regardless of the culture they experience
c. spatial skills often develop later than Piaget had predicted, particularly in nomadic societies
d. children across the world reach the formal operational stage of thought by early to mid-adolescence

2.The psychometric approach to intelligence proposes that:

a. intelligence needs to be understood by analyzing internal mental processes
b. traditional conceptions of intelligence need to be broadened to include special abilities or talents
c. any complete conceptualization of intelligence must address behavior that occurs outside laboratory settings
d. intelligence is a mental capacity that can be measured by analyzing performance on mental tests

3. When 3-year-old Salena is coloring, she carefully picks a blue crayon for the sky, a green crayon for the grass, and a 
yellow crayon for the sun. When Salena is asked to name the colors of each of these items, she confidently answers “red” 
every time. The fact that Salena can distinguish between the colors even though she can’t yet accurately name them 
suggests that: 

a. the linguistic relativity hypothesis provides an accurate description of the link between thought and language
b. the linguistic relativity hypothesis doesn’t accurately reflect the link between thought and language
c. the prototype theory of language development accurately describes the link between language and behavior
d. the prototype theory of language development doesn’t accurately describe the link between language and behavior

4.Carly hates to work through problems step-by-step, and often tries short cuts that might save her some time. It appears that Carly prefers to use: 

a. algorithms rather than heuristics in problem-solving
b. homilies rather than algorithms in problem-solving
c. heuristics rather than algorithms in problem-solving
d. functional fixedness in problem-solving

5.Erica is writing a test in geography and is trying to recall the capital of Massachusetts. In answering this question Erica is largely relying on her: 

a. episodic memory
b. semantic memory
c. procedural memory
d. sensory memory

6. Jacinda is extremely talented in Math and Science and has received a number of scholarships based on her abilities in these areas.  However, Jacinda just can’t seem to catch on in her English class, no matter how many she takes.  She is repeating her remedial English class for the third time, and is still struggling.  The theory of intelligence that would have the most difficulty explaining Jacinda’s different levels of performance is:

a. Thurston’s theory of primary mental abilities
b. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence
c. Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
d. Spearman’s theory of general intelligence

7. The germinal period in a pregnancy is:

a. the first two weeks of the pregnancy, from conception to implantation
b. the second through the eighth weeks of pregnancy
c. the last part of the pregnancy, from the eighth week through to birth
d. the part of the pregnancy prior to conception

8. In an experiment, a rat is conditioned to learn that light precedes electric shock. Mr. Rat learns to make a response that prevents the aversive stimulus from occurring. The rat’s behavior is an example of:

a. avoidance conditioning
b. escape conditioning
c. observational conditioning
d. classical conditioning
 
9. When Emerson told his 4-year-old sister that “I hit the bat that flew into the attic with my baseball bat,” she was very confused and wondered how the long wooden stick that he often carries could possibly fly. When Emerson’s sister is able to recognize that the word “bat” can have two different meanings, she will have made a gain in her: 

a. semantics
b. phonology
c. syntax
d. morphology

10.Avery has just attained a fairly low score in a test designed to measure his verbal ability.  Based on Thurston’s theory of seven primary intelligences, when Avery takes a test designed to measure his perceptual speed, you can predict:

a. he will attain a low score in that test as well
b. he will attain a much higher score on that test
c. he will attain an even lower score on the second test
d. his score on that test will be independent of his verbal fluency test score

11. One approach to treating alcoholism is to give the person a drug that makes them throw up after they drink alcohol in hopes that alcohol will lose its appeal. This is based on the concept of:

a. the blocking principle
b. stimulus generalization
c. conditioned taste aversion
d. stimulus sensitization

12.  The defining features model of concepts: 

a. works well for mathematical concepts, but breaks down for natural concepts
b. works well for natural concepts, but breaks down for mathematical concepts
c. works well for abstract concepts, but breaks down for concrete objects
d. works well for concrete objects, but breaks down for abstract concepts

13. Typically, the memory loss associated with retrograde amnesia: 

a. is not permanent, and the memories recover slowly over time
b. is permanent, with no recovery of the lost memories
c. becomes worse with time, with more memories being lost
d. only affects semantic memory, leaving episodic memory intact

14. The sentence, “It’s not wise to threaten someone with a gun,” can be interpreted in at least two very different ways. This 
sentence has: 

a. one deep structure and at least two surface structures
b. two surface structures and at least two deep structures
c. one surface structure and at least two deep structures
d. one deep structure and one surface structure

15. Emmanuel recently completed the Critical Reasoning Test (CRT) for the third time in three years.  The first time Emmanuel attained a score that was near the top of the scale.  The second time he took this test he scored near the bottom.  The last time his score was right near the middle of the scores for the test.  Emmanuel’s differing performance each time he takes this test suggests that the test:

a. has poor validity
b. has not been adequately standardized
c. is measuring something other that critical reasoning skills
d. has low test-retest reliability

16. Little Albert was conditioned to fear white rats (the appearance of the white rat was always followed by a loud noise). When Little Albert saw a rabbit for the first time, he showed a similar fear response. This example illustrates the classical conditioning process of:

a. second-order conditioning
b. stimulus generalization
c. stimulus discrimination
d. aversive conditioning

17. Imagine Baby P received two X chromosomes at the time of conception. Near the 7th or 8th week of the pregnancy, Baby P will:

a. begin to secrete testosterone and develop a male reproductive system
b. begin to secrete estrogen and develop a male reproductive system
c. begin to secrete estrogen and develop a female reproductive system
d. not secrete any hormones and develop a female reproductive system

18.  Rachel is visiting her friend Edith. Edith’s mom gives each of the children a can of juice and a glass. Rachel’s glass is a short, fat glass, and when she pours her juice into the glass she is convinced that Edith has more juice. Rachel would clearly be in Piaget’s:

a. sensorimotor period of development
b. concrete operational period of development
c. preoperational period of development
d. formal operational period of development

19. Mike needed luck. He noticed a patch of clovers on the ground so he began fingering through a clump, desperately searching for a four-leafed one. Suddenly, he was bit by a spider that caused great pain (it was a ferocious spider). Now, every time Mike passes by a patch of clovers he becomes anxious and agitated.  In this example, the patch of clovers is the:

a. conditioned response
b. unconditioned response
c. conditioned stimulus
d. unconditioned stimulus 

20. Carter is currently 28 years old. He was bitten quite badly by a dog when he was 8 years old. Today, even though his parents still sometimes mention this incident, Carter has no memory of ever being bitten. According to Freud, Carter may be: 

a. showing signs of proactive interference.
b. experiencing retrograde amnesia.
c. suffering from Korsakoff’s syndrome.
d. using repression to push the memory out of his conscious awareness.
 
21. In concept hierarchies the subordinate levels of a category: 

a. provide a balance between the amount of information contained in the basic level and the intermediate levels of the
   category
b. are not very descriptive and contain only a few general features
c. contain a great deal of information about  very specific features
d. are the category levels that children first learn to use

22. The reaction range view of intellectual development suggests that:

a. the environment sets certain limits on intelligence, and genetics determine where individuals fall within those limits
b. genetics sets certain limits on intelligence, and environmental factors determine where individuals fall within 
    those limits
c. everyone has the same genetic potential but environmental differences produce the final score
d. in supportive environments there are no genetic bounds on intellectual ability.

23. Last year, 5-year-old Razel would say, “No he going”, when she was explaining to her younger sister that the dog had to stay at home. Now, Razel will tell her sister, “He’s not going.” This example illustrates that Razel has made a gain in her use of: 

a. semantics
b. phonology
c. syntax
d. pragmatics

24. Craik and Tulving conducted an experiment in which they asked people questions about single words. Later, the participants were asked to recall the words they had answered the questions about. Craik and Tulving found that the participants remembered more when they had: 

a. made judgments about the sounds of the words
b. slept for 8 hours between encoding and retrieval
c. thought about the meaning of the words
d. simply counted the number of letters in each word

25. Most people learn to associate parties with positive feelings and emotions. Advertisers often manipulate this form of learning to help sell products: They attempt to pair their product (e.g., cheap beer) with some image that elicits positive emotions (e.g., cheery people at a party), such that an association is made between the cheap beer and the positive emotions. This form of learning is considered:

a. second-order conditioning
b. shaping
c. stimulus habituation
d. instrumental conditioning
      
26. In the video we watched Tuesday, a candy bar was hidden in a box by the experimenter in plain view of a 3-year-old and an adult confederate.  Both the child and the adult agreed that the candy bar was indeed inside the box. Then the adult left the room. With only the child present, the experimenter hid the candy bar underneath a chair. Then the adult confederate returned. The experimenter then asked the child where the child thought the adult thought the candy bar would still be. How did most of the 3 year-olds respond?

a. they did not know because they lacked object permanence
b. they pointed to the box in which the candy bar was originally placed
c. they pointed to underneath the chair
d. they could not remember because they lacked metamemory

27. The age of the onset of puberty has decreased by 3-4 years in the last century. This decrease is probably due to:

a. improved medical care and living conditions
b. changes in the genetic makeup of people
c. poor diets that are high in junk foods
d. the emphasis on strenuous daily exercise and sports

28. Cognitive theories of depression hypothesize that people have an underlying meaning system that filters and encodes information in the world—a schema. It is thought that depressed individuals have a “depressotypic” schema, which is used to filter and interpret events in a negative way, and as long as this is the operating schema, that individual will remain depressed. A goal of cognitive therapy for depression is to change the old schema or create a new one.  In Piaget’s theory, this would be referred to as:

a. assimilation
b. habituation
c. accommodation
d. alignment

29. Drew is demonstrating a new computer program to his younger sister. As he shows her the steps to open the application and create a file, Drew is relying largely on his: 

a. episodic memory
b. sensory memory
c. semantic memory
d. procedural memory

30.  According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis: 

a. children and adults share the same surface structure in language, but have different deep structures
b. children and adults share the same deep structure in language, but have different surface structures
c. people who speak different language will think differently about the world
d. people in all cultures share the same basic thought processes, despite their language differences

31. In class, Dr. McNamara talked about two different kinds of people: Sam was described as getting straight A’s in every class, with good book-learning. His friend Sarah was described as more “street smart”, and one who does well in some classes and not so well in others. The two encountered a bear during a hiking trip. Although Sam had vast factual knowledge about bears, he did not know how to react in an advantageous manner, as Sarah did.  In terms of the triarchic theory of intelligence, Sam would be considered high in:

a. practical intelligence
b. analytical intelligence
c. creative intelligence
d. interpersonal intelligence

32. Evidence that memory is reconstructive can be found in research on eye-witness testimony, which has shown that 

a. damage to the hippocampus causes deficits in explicit memory
b. ethnicity of the accuser and the accused has little effect on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony
c. accuracy of eye-witness testimony is affected by how questions are asked
d. repression of memories is a basic assumption of some theories of personality and mental disorder

33. When people make mistakes in recalling a short list of random letters from memory, researchers have found that the mistakes typically involve: 

a. sound-alike errors, substituting letters that may sound the same but look different
b. random errors, substituting letters that are not similar to those on the original list
c. look-alike errors, substituting letters that may look the same but sound different
d. sequencing errors, recalling the correct letters in the incorrect order

34. Even though a conditioned response has undergone extinction, it sometimes reappears later, without any further training. This reappearance is known as:

a. second-order conditioning
b. spontaneous recovery
c. sensitization
d. generalization

35. The adaptive value of the plasticity of the brain is:

a. the capability of adjusting to a particular environment and compensating for cell loss
b. the stability provided by having neural circuits firmly established and operating in a set way
c. the ability to transfer information, for processing by a different hemisphere, to avoid overload
d. the advantage of being able to delete neurons damaged 

36. Negative punishment occurs when:

a. the removal of a stimulus following a response decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again
b. the removal of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again
c. the presentation of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again
d. the presentation of a stimulus following a response decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again

37. In studying the importance of observational learning, Bandura conducted an experiment in which pre-school children watched a film showing an adult acting aggressively toward a blow-up doll (Bobo). The film ended with the adult being rewarded, punished, or neither. The children were then allowed to play with the blow-up doll. What pattern of behavior did the children engage in?

a. the children who saw the adult rewarded were more likely to behave aggressively
b. the children who saw the adult rewarded did not behave differently than those who saw the adult punished
c. the children who saw the adult punished were more likely to be behave aggressively
d. the children who saw the adult in the condition where neither reward nor punishment was administered were confused 
    about contingencies and stayed away from the doll.

38. Research by Tulving and Pearlstone that showed the participants recalled twice as many words in the cued-recall condition, when compared to the free-recall condition, suggests that most instances of forgetting result from: 

a. poor initial encoding strategies
b. decay of the stored information over time
c. a failure to access the right type of retrieval cues
d. lack of motivation or attention at the time of recall

39. Researchers who have investigated the effects of framing in decision making have found that people are more likely to: 

a. avoid risk when confronted with situations where they can gain something
b. seek risk when confronted with situations where they can gain something
c. avoid risk when confronted with situations where they can lose something
d. select the less risky alternative, no matter how the choices are framed

40.Hank is a great manager because he is usually able to see the “big picture”.  Once he grasps a problem, he is almost always able to come up with a useful, novel way to resolve the issue.  Hank would likely score well on tests designed to measure:

a. emotional intelligence
b. creativity
c. analytical intelligence
d. intrapersonal intelligence

41. Four-year-old Keifer says, “We wented to school.” This most likely indicates that: 

a. Keifer’s parents use poor English at home
b. Keifer has forgotten the proper way to form past tense
c. English is not Keifer’s native language
d. Keifer is overgeneralizing a grammatical rule

42. Talbot looked up the phone number for a local restaurant and silently repeated it to himself as he dialed to make reservations. Talbot was using: 

a. chunking to increase the amount of information held in short-term memory
b. elaboration to link the phone number to information in long-term memory
c. repression to temporarily block other information out of short-term memory
d. rehearsal to temporarily store the restaurant’s phone number in short-term memory

43. Which type of partial reinforcement has the highest resistance to extinction?

a. fixed ratio
b. variable ratio
c. fixed interval
d. variable interval

44 A young child who mistakes a plane flying high in the sky for a bird is illustrating the process that Piaget referred to as:

a. assimilation
b. accommodation
c. egocentrism
d. centration

45. Addison seems to be able to remember most things after seeing them only once.  Even when he was in kindergarten, he seemed to be able to memorize things easily.  According to Raymond Cattell, Addison’s exceptional memory skills are probably evidence of his overall:

a. crystallized intelligence
b. practical intelligence
c. creative intelligence
d. fluid intelligence

46.  One piece of research evidence that supports the view that categories are formed using exemplars is the finding that: 

a. people seem to know things about which features within a category go together
b. people can make faster classifications when new objects have most of a category’s core features
c. most people select the same category members when asked to provide examples from different categories
d. people seldom use superordinate categories in everyday explanations

47. The ability to rearrange incoming information into meaningful or familiar patterns often depends on how much the individual knows about the material that needs to be remembered. One piece of research evidence that supports this conclusion is the finding that, when short-term memory is compared in expert and novice chess players, the expert players can remember the positions of: 

a. more chess pieces when the pieces are placed randomly on the board than when a meaningful game is in progress
b. at least 12 to 15 pieces, no matter how the pieces are arranged on the board
c. only 5 to 9 chess pieces, but they can remember the positions for up to 30 minutes
d. more chess pieces when a meaningful game is in progress than when the pieces are placed randomly on the board

48.  Fred complained loudly and unpleasantly to his TA about his test grade. Although his TA did not think Fred deserved a higher grade, he gave him one just to avoid having to listen to him complain. If Fred’s TA is more likely to change Fred’s grades in order to avoid listening to him complain, the TA’s behavior is being influenced by:

a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. positive punishment
d. negative punishment

49. Rhesus monkeys who acquire a fear of snakes from watching the reactions of other monkeys around snakes are displaying:

a. latent learning
b. classical conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. observational learning

50. During the sensorimotor period:

a. object permanence develops
b. children show evidence of centration when solving problems
c. the principle of conservation is mastered
d. abstract reasoning skills emerge

51. .Dr. Mavin learns the names of all the students enrolled in her calculus classes. Based on the research results reported by Ebbinghaus, if Dr. Mavin’s memory for the names of the students is tested after the semester ends you should expect: 

a. very few of the names will be forgotten early, but later on there will be a rapid decline in the number of names she is able  
    to recall
b. there will be a constant steady decline in the number of names she is able to recall
c. most of the names will be forgotten soon, but later there will be a slow steady increase in the number of names she is able 
    to recall
d. most of the names will be forgotten soon, and there will continue to be a slow decline in the number of names she 
    is able to recall

52. Trista just glanced at the license plate of the car that sped away from the bank, but she found that when she closed her eyes she had a momentary image of the first three digits of the license number. She was able to write them down, even though the car had disappeared into traffic. Trista’s experience best illustrates: 

a. a flashbulb memory
b. procedural memory
c. sensory memory
d. cued recall

53. The fact that the correlation in IQ scores between identical twins reared apart is higher than that between fraternal twins reared together suggests that intellectual development:

a. is influenced more by environmental factors than by genetics
b. is influenced more by genetics than by environmental factors
c. is affected equally by genetics and environmental factors
d. is not affected by either genetics or environmental factors

54. Devon is on a committee interviewing applicants for a position with his company. Over the 4-hour time period the committee interviews eight different applicants. Devon remembers most of the comments made by the last two applications, but he finds it more difficult to remember specific comments made by any of the earlier applicants. Devon’s memory difficulties are consistent with: 

a. motivated forgetting
b. the primacy effect
c. the spacing effect
d. the recency effect

55. Instrumental conditioning differs from classical conditioning because:

a. in instrumental conditioning an organism is learning something, but in classical conditioning no learning occurs
b. in instrumental conditioning the principles apply only to animals, but in classical conditioning the principles
    also apply to humans
c. in instrumental conditioning discrimination and generalization do not occur, but in classical conditioning they do
d. in instrumental conditioning an organism’s own behavior signals outcomes, but in classical conditioning events 
    signal outcomes 

56. Typically, by the time they are 8 months old, 90% of infants can:

a. crawl
b. stand alone
c. walk on their own
d. sit unsupported

57 Evidence that memory is reconstructive can be found in research on eye-witness testimony, which has shown that 

a. damage to the hippocampus causes deficits in explicit memory.
b. ethnicity of the accuser and the accused has little effect on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony
c. accuracy of eyewitness testimony is affected by how questions are asked
d. repression of memories is a basic assumption of some theories of personality and mental disorder

58. John liked to rollerblade but never wore a helmet.  He fell recently, striking his head severely on the curb, damaging the left hemisphere of his brain.  Given what we know about lateralization of function, we can predict that John may have deficits in 

a. language 
b. spatial problem solving 
c. implicit memory 
d. explicit memory 

59.  Claude has been watching his new neighbor for a week. She drives a sporty car, carries a cell phone, and wears nothing 
but business suits. Claude decides his new neighbor must be a lawyer. In this case, Claude seems to have formed an opinion 
about his new neighbor’s occupation based on: 

a. the availability heuristic
b. the representativeness heuristic
c. anchoring and adjustment
d. framing

60. A study was conducted by Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett looking at the relation between extrinsic reinforcement and intrinsic motivation. A group of school children who liked to draw with felt-tip markers were gathered and randomly assigned to two groups: both groups were told that a man was going to come by, but only one group (expected reward—ER) was told that the man was going to evaluate the work and give them a reward if it was really good. The other group (no reward—NR) was not told about an evaluation or reward. What was the observed pattern of behavior?

a. the NR group engaged in less drawing after the man left than they did before he arrived
b. after the man left, the NR group engaged in significantly less drawing than the ER group
c. before the man arrived, the ER group engaged in significantly more drawing than they did after the man left
d. after the man left, the ER group engaged in the same amount of drawing as they did before he arrived.

61. In modern psychometric theories, general intelligence is considered:

a. a totally worthless concept without support from any data
b. one of three equally important factors that are involved in intelligence
c. at the top of a hierarchy of factors that are involved in intelligence
d. to be the sole factor determining differences in performance on mental tests

62  In order for a child to appreciate a puppet show, in which he can “match” the voice with the puppet’s mouth (rather than to the speaking human who is in a different spatial location), he needs to have developed:

a. sensory integration skills
b. concrete operations
c. object permanence 
d. metamemory

63. 14. You are watching a pigeon pecking a key for food reinforcement. The pigeon pecks at a very high, steady rate, but it also takes breaks from pecking each time food is delivered. In this example, the reinforcement schedule that is in place is most likely:

a. variable-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c. variable-interval
d. fixed-ratio

64. According to Howard Gardner’s view of multiple intelligence, intelligence:

a. is a set of abilities that are independent of cultural setting or individual background
b. is the ability to perform well on a variety of standard intelligence tests
c. is an ability that permits an individual to solve problems that are important in a particular cultural setting
d. can be assessed by recording the speed at which information is processed within the brain.

65. In class, we participated in a demonstration in which Dr. McNamara read a list of related words (e.g., sit, table, stool, etc.), and then asked students to recall the words on the list.  What was the most important result of this demonstration? 

a. Overall performance in recalling the list of words was very good
b. Overall performance in recalling the list of words was extremely poor
c. Many students recalled a word (e.g., chair) that was not on the list 
d. Very few students recalled a word (e.g., chair) that was not on the list 

Filling in the Blanks
[20 total points: 1 point for each blank]

1.For piece-rate work, one is reinforced for a fixed number of responses (i.e., getting paid for a fixed amount of product--# of wickets made per hour). This type of work follows a ____fixed ratio_____ schedule of partial reinforcement.

2. The literal arrangement of words within a sentence provides the sentence’s ___surface structure___.

3. The degree to which a test samples broadly across the domain of interest refers to the test’s __content validity__. 

4. .An event that, when presented after a response, lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again is an example of ____positive punishment_______.

5. ___Heritability___ is a mathematical index that represents the extent to which IQ differences in a particular population can be accounted for by genetic factors.

6. The practical knowledge used to comprehend a speaker’s intentions and produce an effective response is called: ___pragmatics_____.

7.When previously established memories interfere with the formation of new memories, the process involved is ____proactive interference_____.

8. The concept of a Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), the difference between the abilities a child exhibits and his potential given the proper experience, was proposed by ____Vygotsky_____.

9. Damita discovers that when she spins her top quickly enough, the dots on he top appear as one continuous line. This illusion is one example of ___sensory memory__.

10. After physical dependency develops, a drug user typically experiences withdrawal symptoms when he stops taking the drug. Often the user will take the drug again to decrease these symptoms. The use of the drug in this case is an example of ___negative reinforcement____. 

11. Step-by-step rules or procedures that guarantee a solution will be found for a problem are called __algorithms___.

12. A decline in the tendency to respond to an event following repeated exposure to the event is called  ____habituation___. 

13.Physically based amnesia that involves memory loss for events that happened after the time of the injury is called ____anterograde amnesia___.

14. When individuals devise actions to reduce the gap between their current point in a problem and the final goal, they are using the problem-solving heuristic know as ____means-ends analysis______.

15. An experiment was conducted in class in which the subject was taken out of the room while the rest of the class determined what behavior we wanted the subject to engage in (hugging Dr. McNamara). The class reinforced the subject’s behavior by clapping for successive approximations to the desired response. This is an example of __shaping___. 

16.  Clinical psychologists need to be skilled at reading people’s emotions and motivation.  In terms of theory of multiple intelligence, they need to be high in ___interpersonal intelligence_____.

17. An organized knowledge structure, containing clusters of related facts, is called: ___a schema______.

18. According to the response deprivation theory of reinforcement, if you make someone go below their ___bliss point___ for a particular behavior, you can use that behavior as a rein forcer when you let him or her engage in it

19. Binet and Simon defined ___mental age__ as the chronological age that best fits the child’s level of performance on a test of mental ability.  

20 In Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development, ______formal operational period____ ,thought processes become adult-like, and people gain mastery over abstract thinking. 

< Word Bank>

a category		a elaborative memory		a flashbulb memory	a hierarchy
a prototype		a schema			acquisition		algorithms
anterograde amnesia	bliss point			cognition 		concrete operational period
concrete operational period				construct validity 	content validity 
creative intelligence 	decay theory			deep structure		deviation IQ 
discriminative stimulus	egocentrism			encoding specificity	episodic memory
fixed interval		fixed ratio			flashbulb memory	formal operational period
formal operational period	functional fixedness		general intelligence (g)	habituation
heritability 		heuristics			holophrases		homilies 
implicit memory		implicit memory readjustment				interpersonal intelligence  
intrapersonal intelligence 					IQ			Kohlberg	
law of effect		lexical structure 			means-ends analysis	mental age	
motivated forgetting theory				negative punishment	negative reinforcement	
non-syntactic speech	orienting response		orienting response	Perception	
Piaget			positive punishment		positive reinforcement	postconventional level	
pragmatics		predictive validity 		proactive amnesia	proactive interference 	
reaction range 		relational processing		reliability 		representativeness	
repression theory		retroactive interference		retroactive interference	retrograde amnesia	
retrograde amnesia	schemas				searching for analogies	second-order conditioning	
semantics		sensitization			sensory memory 		shaping		
short-term memory	Skinner				state-dependent memory	stimulus discrimination	
surface structure 	telegraphic speech			the availability heuristic	
the reconstructive nature of memory			variable interval		variable ratio	
Vygotsky		working backward

Short answer options [5 points total]

1. A conditioned stimulus will acquire signaling properties, leading to the production of a conditioned response, whenever it provides information about the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus. What four factors are important in how one acquires the CS-US connection (i.e., how one is effectively conditioned)?

1)	CS needs to be presented before the US.
2)	US needs to follow the CS closely in time.
3)	CS needs to uniquely predict the US (or US must not occur frequently in the absence of the CS.)
4)	CS needs to provide new information about the occurrence of the US.